Chapter 10. Bibliography and Citation Guidelines

This chapter of our documentation is still in beta. We welcome feedback, corrections, and questions while we finalize the page in our 2024–2025 work cycle.

Introduction to Bibliographies and Citations

Rationale

This chapter covers how to format, encode, and cite sources.
LEMDO maintains centralized databases of sources. In general, we will add your sources to those centralized databases and then you can include them in your edition or anthology using the xml:id that LEMDO assigns to the source. In the linked data environment in which we work, we generally want to create single entities to which we can all point. The advantage is that any corrections we make will proliferate across all anthologies. For example, if a DOI becomes available or a link changes, we will change it in the centralized database.
LEMDO offers full guidelines for how to format and encode items (entities) for addition to the various project databases so that the entities can then be cited in documentation, editions, and anthologies. For the format of bibliography entries and citations thereof, LEMDO uses our own modified version of the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook (MLA 8), with reference to the 17th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS 17) where MLA 8 is silent.

Prior Reading

You will want to have a general understanding of how our centralized databases work. See Introduction to Sitewide Data Files. Note that you are not responsible for adding things to our centralized databases. We will do that work for you and assign an xml:id to each item.

Practice

The things that you might want to cite in an edition go into different LEMDO centralized databases (or, in one case, into your edition only), depending on what type of source they are.
Source LEMDO Destination Likely Edition Use
Early publications that bear witness to the work you are editing (i.e., a unique entry in the STC or Wing) Sitewide bibliography: BIBL1.xml Witness list in your collation; textual introduction; textual notes
Copies of early publications n/a (you will list these in your own <listWit> ) Collation of press variants (optional)
Primary sources Sitewide bibliography: BIBL1.xml General introduction; commentary notes in the annotations
Secondary sources Sitewide bibliography: BIBL1.xml Critical survey; general introduction; commentary, performance, and textual notes in the annotations
Productions Sitewide production database: PROD1.xml Stage history essay; performance notes in the annotations
Critical editions (as opposed to early publications) These are temporarily included in BIBL1 but will be moved to the Bibliography of Editions of Early English Drama database (BEEED) (BEED1.xml). Collation; textual notes

Prepare Edition Bibliography

Rationale

Your edition bibliography is curated by you, but your full entries will live in the sitewide LEMDO bibliography (BIBL1.xml, a file that can be edited only by LEMDO team members at UVic). This system ensures that multiple editions can draw on a centralized bibliography but also gives editors great flexibility in how they organize their own edition bibliographies.

Practice

Your first task is to gather the information the LEMDO team needs to create entries for you in BIBL1. Entries need to capture the key pieces of bibliographic information that give credit where credit is due and allow others to find the source.
For recent secondary sources, you will need to provide at least the following information:
Author(s) and/or Editor(s)
Title(s)
Publisher (but not place, which is increasingly difficult to capture given global publishing companies)
Date
You will also need to give relevant identification numbers or record numbers as follows:
DOI (if the source has been published digitally and registered with Cross-Ref)
WSB record number (if the source has been listed in the World Shakespeare Bibliography)
DEEP number
STC number
URL or URI if the item is online
For a full list of authorities whose ids or URIs we can include, see Links to Authorities and Surrogates further down this page.
Make sure that all information is in the correct order and is punctuated and capitalized according to the examples below. The LEMDO team will copy and paste the entry into BIBL1. They will encode the entry but do not generally have time to check the accuracy of your entry; checking accuracy is a job for you, your anthology lead, and peer reviewers.
Alternatively, you can transcribe the information into your edition bibliography file and encode it yourself. The LEMDO team will move your entries into the site-wide BIBL1 file and add a @corresp attribute to your bibliography that points to the centralized location. If you are able to undertake this step, you will save the LEMDO team a lot of time. To faciliate your endoding, each entry below is followed by the encoded version of the entry.
Note:
We give the authorʼs name as it appears in the publication. If the authorʼs name is spelled out in full, do not initialize it. If the authorʼs name is given with initials, use the initials.
Issue numbers for articles should be included. Omitting issue numbers is a vestige of print culture, when all the issues of a journal were bound together at the end of the year. Now that we do our searching for articles in online bibliographies and digital collections, the issue number is a key piece of metadata.
The first and last page numbers should be spelled out in full (e.g., 191–192). Note that we follow Chicago 17th ed and use the en dash in number ranges. However, we diverge from MLA and Chicago in that we give all the digits in ranges. Computers are better at processing full numbers.
Note that we have a separate bibliography for stage productions and films (PROD1.xml), mainly because BIBL1 and PROD1 are enormous databases. Entries from PROD1 are included in your edition the same way that you include entries from BIBL1. To learn how to cite plays and movies, see Prepare Production Database Entries.

Examples

Book

Loomba, Ania. Gender, Race, Renaissance Drama. Manchester UP, 1989. WSB af334.

Shakespeare Play

When you want to point to or cite a scene or speech in a Shakespeare play, cite from The New Oxford Shakespeare. See Cite Shakespeare for more information on citing Shakespeare.
Taylor, Gary, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan, eds. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2016. WSB aaag2304.

Edited Collection

Desmet, Christy, Natalie Loper, and Jim Casey, eds. Shakespeare/Not Shakespeare. Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. WSB aaah248.

Multivolume Work

Nelson, Alan H., ed. Records of Early English Drama: Cambridge. 2 vols. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989.

One Volume of a Multivolume Work

Hazlitt, W. Carew. A Select Collection of Old English Plays. Originally Published by Robert Dodsley in the Year 1744. 4th ed. Vol. 1. London: Reeves and Turner, 1874.
Note that for important reference volumes and collections, we usually have one entry for the entire collection as well as entries for each volume in the collection.

Edited and Translated Collection

Gesta Henrici Quinti. Ed. and trans. Frank Taylor and John S. Roskell. Clarendon Press, 1975.

Chapter in Edited Collection

Grandage, Sarah, and Julie Sanders. Shakespeare at a Distance. Shakespeare and the Digital World. Redefining Scholarship and Practice. Ed. Christie Carson and Peter Kirwan. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2014. 75-86. WSB bbbd498.
<bibl>
  <author>Grandage, Sarah</author>, and <author>Julie Sanders</author>. <title level="a">Shakespeare at a Distance</title>. <title level="m">Shakespeare and the Digital World</title>. <title level="s">Redefining Scholarship and Practice</title>. Ed. <editor>Christie Carson</editor> and <editor>Peter Kirwan</editor>. <pubPlace>Cambridge</pubPlace>: <publisher>Cambridge UP</publisher>, <date>2014</date>. 75-86. WSB <idno type="WSB">bbbd498</idno>.</bibl>

Specific Edition

Bevington, David, ed. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. 7th ed. Pearson, 2013. WSB aaac19.

Journal Article

Hope, Jonathan, and Laura Wright. Female Education in Shakespeare’s Stratford and Stratfordian Contacts in Shakespeareʼs London. Notes and Queries 43.2 (1996): 149-150. WSB b0367. DOI 10.1093/nq/43.2.149.

Journal With Multiple Series

Hoppe, Harry R. John Wolfe, Printer and Publisher, 1579-1601. The Library. 4th series, 14 (1933): 241-288.

Dictionary in LEME

Thomas, Thomas. Dictionarium Linguae Latinae et Anglicanae. Printed by Thomae Thomasii for Richardum Boyle. Cambridge, 1587. STC 24008. LEME 179.

ODNB Article

Give the version date of the revision (not the date you access the page) and the DOI of the page.
Griffiths, R. A. Henry VI (1421–1471), King of England and Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2015-05-28. DOI 10.1093/ref:odnb/12953.

Newspaper Article

Covent-Garden Theatre. The Times. 11 April 1833. 3.

Dissertation

Cockett, Peter. Incongruity, Humour and Early English Comic Figures: Armin’s Natural Fools, the Vice, and Tarlton the Clown. University of Toronto. PhD dissertation, 2001.

Early Printed Books

Silently modernize the long ſ, ligatures, and vv for w in the titles of early printed books. For playbooks, use the title as given in DEEP. Our bibliographies are meant to help users find the source. We are not aiming to give diplomatic transcriptions of titles.
Peele, George. THE BATTELL OF ALCAZAR, FOVGHT in Barbarie, betweene Sebastian king of Portugall, and Abdelmelec king of Marocco. With the death of Captaine Stukeley. Edward Allde, 1594. STC 19531. DEEP 195. ESTC S110337.
Specific Copy of Early Printed Book
Give the shelf number and/or a permalink to the library catalogue entry. You need to spell out the URL of the permalink so that we can copy it into our hyperlink.
Dekker, Thomas and Thomas Middleton. THE Converted Curtezan With, The Humours of the Patient Man, and the Longing Wife. Valentine Simmes, 1604. STC 6501.5. DEEP 363. ESTC S120001. Bodleian Mal. 219 (2)

Reprinted Book or Article

When you give us your bibliography to encode, indicate exactly which reprint you cite. If you are citing from multiple reprints, create one entry for each reprint. Because we all share a centralized bibliography, we have separate entries for each reprint if there are multiple reprints of a work. Do not create an omnibus entry that lists all of the reprints. The first entry would allow you to cite the 1937 first publication. The second entry below would allow you to cite the 1952 reprint. The third entry below would allow you to cite the 2008 Faber reprint. Each entry will get its own unique identifier in the LEMDO centralized bibliography.
Leavis, F.R. Diabolical Intellect and the Noble Hero; or The Sentimentalist Othello. Scrutiny 6 (1937).
Leavis, F.R. Diabolical Intellect and the Noble Hero; or The Sentimentalist Othello. Scrutiny 6 (1937); rpt. The Common Pursuit. Chatto & Windus, 1952.
Leavis, F.R. Diabolical Intellect and the Noble Hero; or The Sentimentalist Othello. Scrutiny 6 (1937); rpt. Faber, 2008. 136-159.

What to Cite for Various Bibliographic Items

The following table outlines what ID numbers you should include for various bibliographic items.
Date Type of Work Resource
1475-1640 Non-Dramatic STC and ESTC
1475-1640 Dramatic STC, ESTC, DEEP, and Wiggins
1641-1700 Non-Dramatic Wing and ESTC
1641-1700 Dramatic Wing and ESTC
1709-1799 Editions of Shakespeare ESTC and Murphy
1801-1959 Editions of Shakespeare Murphy and GB (if you consulted a digital surrogate on GoogleBooks)
1801-1959 Criticism GB (if you consulted it in this form)
1960-Present Criticism WSB
n/a (many old print items are being given retroactive DOIs when they are digitized) Digital Objects DOI

Links to Open Access Publications

Links to online Open Access (OA) publications—such as OA journals (Early Theatre, EMLS) and OA projects (Map of Early Modern London)—are encouraged. Do not make links to commercial content providers like Wiley, EBSCO, etc. Give the DOI for the objects distributed rather than the link created by the digital distributor(s).

Encode Bibliographic Entries

When your entries conform to the above guidelines and are ready to be added to LEMDOʼs bibliography, send them to the LEMDO team at UVic. If you are curious, see Encode Bibliography to learn how the RAs at LEMDO will encode your entries or to learn how to pre-encode the entries for us.
Once your entriesare encoded in BIBL1, you may then encode your edition bibliography file and organize the entries as you have been directed by your anthology lead. See Encode Edition Bibliography.

Prepare Production Database Entries

Create Production Database Entries

Your production database entries need to capture the key pieces of bibliographic information, at a minimum:
Director(s)
Title(s)
Distributor
Date

Examples

Film

Citing the director:
Branagh, Kenneth, dir. Henry V. Renaissance Films, 1989.
Citing an actor:
Howard, Bryce Dallas, perf. As You Like It. Dir. Kenneth Branagh. HBO Films, 2006.

Production

Hall, Edward, dir. Henry V. By William Shakespeare. Stratford: Royal Shakespeare Company, 2000

Encode Production Entries

Most editors do not have access to the production database (PROD1.xml). You will have to send your list of productions to a LEMDO Team member at UVic. When your entries conform to the above guidelines and are ready to be encoded and added to LEMDOʼs production database, see Encode Productions.

Encode Bibliography

Encoding Enumerative Bibliographic Entries

BIBL1 is LEMDOʼs project-wide bibliography. All sources used in anthologies and editions are added to BIBL1.
Within each bibliographic entry in BIBL1, we tag certain types of data to facilitate limited searching and ordering. Finally, we add some additional information to make it possible to link our bibliographic entries to databases like the World Shakespeare Bibliography.
Once all information is in the correct order and is punctuated and capitalized according to Prepare Your Edition Bibliography, you can add your source.

Workflow

Wrap the text node of each entry in the <bibl> element.
Add an xml:id to the <bibl> element. The xml:id must be new and unique to the entire LEMDO project. Ctrl+F the A–Z Index text file on the lemdo-dev site (available from the Resources menu) to find the next unused ID.
Tag all authors with the <author> element.
Tag all editors with the <editor> element.
Tag all translators with the <editor> element, @role attribute, and translator value.
Tag all titles with the <title> element, @level attribute, and the appropriate value (m for monographs and monograph-length things, a for articles and article-like things, j for journal and newspaper titles, and s for series titles).
Tag all city/states of publication with the <pubPlace> element.
Tag all publishers/publishing companies with the <publisher> element.
Tag all dates with the <date> element.

Practice: Encode Author Names

Tag authors using the <author> element. If there are two or more authors, tag each author with a separate <author> element.
Do not include punctuation between the tags (i.e., in the text node) unless it is part of the author’s name. The period after an initial is part of the author’s name. Compare these two examples:
<bibl>
  <author>Bradley, A.C.</author>
  <!-- Entry continues -->
</bibl>
<bibl>
  <author>Loomba, Ania</author>. <!-- Entry continues --></bibl>
Tag two authors as follows, adding a comma before and:
<bibl>
  <author>Hope, Jonathan</author>, and <author>Laura Wright</author>. <!-- Entry continues --></bibl>
Tag three or more authors as follows:
<bibl>
  <author>Wells, Stanley</author>, <author>Gary Taylor</author>, <author>John Jowett</author>, and <author>William Montgomery</author>. <!-- Entry continues --></bibl>

Practice: Encode Editor Names in Critical Collections

Tag two editors as follows, tagging each editor’s name with a separate <editor> element::
<bibl>
  <editor>Dodsley, Robert</editor>, and <editor>Isaac Reed</editor>, eds. <!-- Entry continues --></bibl>
<bibl>
  <author>Challinor, Jennie</author>. <title level="a">Jonson’s Ghost and the Restoration Stage</title>. <title level="m">Ben Jonson and Posterity: Reception, Reputation, Legacy</title>. Ed. <editor>Martin Butler</editor> and <editor>Jane Rickard</editor>. <!-- Entry continues --></bibl>
Tag three editors as follows:
<bibl>
  <editor>Taylor, Gary</editor>, and <editor>Gabriel Egan</editor>, eds. <title level="m">The New Oxford Shakespeare: Authorship Companion</title>. <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>: <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>, <date>2017</date>.</bibl>
<bibl>
  <editor>Taylor, Gary</editor>, <editor>John Jowett</editor>, <editor>Terri Bourus</editor>, and <editor>Gabriel Egan</editor>, eds. <title level="m">The New Oxford Shakespeare</title>. <!-- Entry continues --></bibl>

Practice: Encode Edited Editions of Individual Works

Editions of primary texts will usually have two entries in BIBL1, one listing the editor first so that we can cite the editorial paratexts, apparatus, and notes, and one listing the author first so that we can cite the text. Tag editors using the <editor> element. If one entry already has an @xml:id value, feel free to provide it. Otherwise, omit the xml:ids and we will create them for you. When we add your entries to BIBL1, we link the two entries using the @corresp attribute on both <bibl> elements. Prefix the value of @corresp with bibl:, then add the xml:id of the other entry as follows:
<bibl xml:id="GOSS4" corresp="bibl:SHAK67">
  <editor>Gossett, Suzanne</editor>, ed. <title level="m">Pericles</title>, by <author>William Shakespeare</author>. <!-- Entry continues --></bibl>
<bibl xml:id="SHAK67" corresp="bibl:GOSS4">
  <author>Shakespeare, William</author>. <title level="m">Pericles</title>. Ed. <editor>Suzanne Gossett</editor>. <!-- Entry continues --></bibl>
For more examples, see Example: Edited Editions.

Practice: Encode Translator Names

Tag translators using the <editor> element, @role attribute, and translator value. If there are two or more translators, tag each translator with a separate <editor> element:
<bibl>
  <editor role="translator">Lloyd, Janet</editor>, trans. <!-- Entry continues --></bibl>
<bibl><!-- Entry begins --> Trans. <editor role="translator">Janet Lloyd</editor>. <!-- Entry continues. --></bibl>
Tag two or more translators as follows:
<bibl><!-- Entry begins --> Trans. <editor role="translator">John Black</editor> and <editor role="translator">A.J.W. Morrison</editor>. <!-- Entry continues --></bibl>

Practice: Encode Titles

Tag titles using the <title> element. Use the @level attribute to indicate what kind of work it is.
There are currently five different values allowed by LEMDO’s schema:
a (analytic): the title applies to an analytic item, such as an article, poem, or other work published as part of a larger item.
j (journal): the title applies to any serial or periodical publication such as a journal, magazine, or newspaper.
m (monographic): the title applies to a monograph such as a book or other item considered to be a distinct publication, including single volumes of multivolume works.
s (series): the title applies to a series of otherwise distinct publications such as a collection.
u (unpublished): the title applies to any unpublished material (including these and dissertations unless published by a commercial press.)
Do not include punctuation inside the element unless it is part of the title:
<bibl><!-- Entry begins -->
  <title level="m">Shakespeare, Race, and Colonialism</title>. <!-- Entry continues --></bibl>
<bibl><!-- Entry begins -->
  <title level="m">Eastward Ho!</title>
  <!-- Entry continues -->
</bibl>
Note that in TEI, we can nest <title> elements within <title> elements. Do not worry about the rendering:
<bibl><!-- Entry begins -->
  <title level="m">Women in <title level="m">Othello</title>
  </title>
  <!-- Entry continues -->
</bibl>

Practice: Encode Place of Publication

Tag the place of publication using the <pubPlace> element. There is no need to identify the specific place using attributes. Type a colon and a single space after the place of publication:
<bibl><!-- Entry begins -->
  <pubPlace>Cambridge, MA</pubPlace>: <!-- Entry continues --></bibl>

Practice: Encode Publisher

Tag the publisher using the <publisher> element. Type a comma and a single space after the publisher:
<bibl><!-- Entry begins -->
  <publisher>Harvard University Press</publisher>, <!-- Entry continues --></bibl>
Make sure to give the printer’s name for early printed books if known. TEI lacks a way of distinguishing printers, publishers, and booksellers. Use the <publisher> element for all stationers listed in the imprint line:
<bibl><!-- Entry begins -->
  <publisher>Elizabeth Allde</publisher>, <!-- Entry continues --></bibl>
For nineteenth century books, the name of the publisher/printer is not necessary. If you know it, feel free to include it. In many cases, it is hard to determine the publisher/printer. Place of publication and date will suffice.

Practice: Encode Publication Date

Tag the date of publication (as given in the imprint line) using the <date> element. Type a period after the closing </date> tag. Add a single space if more information is to follow:
<bibl><!-- Entry begins -->
  <date>1930</date>. <!-- Entry continues --></bibl>

Practice: Link to Authorites and Surrogates

At the end of each bibliography entry it is helpful to add links to authorities and surrogates if they are available. To do this, we use the <idno> element. For a full explanation of the types of links that can be added to bibliography entries, see Links to Authority IDs.
Note that <idno> elements go at the end of bibliographic entries. Sources can have multiple <idno> elements:
<bibl>
  <author>Anonymous</author>. <title level="m">The Second Tome of Homilies</title>. <pubPlace>London</pubPlace>: <publisher>Richard Jugge</publisher>, <date>1563</date>. STC <idno type="STC">13666.7</idno>. ESTC <idno type="ESTC">S125416</idno>.</bibl>
<bibl xml:id="BROW4">
  <author>Brownlow, F.W.</author>
  <title level="a">John Shakespeare’s Recusancy: New Light on an Old Document</title>. <title level="j">Shakespeare Quarterly</title> 40.2 (<date>1989</date>): 186-191. WSB <idno type="WSB">bf1173</idno>. DOI <idno type="DOI">10.2307/2870819</idno>.</bibl>

Practice: Link to Open Access Publications

Links to online Open Access (OA) publications—such as OA journals (Early Theatre, Scene, EMLS) and OA projects (Map of Early Modern London)—are encouraged. These links are tagged with the <idno> element and @type attribute with the value URI:
<bibl>
  <author>More, Thomas</author>. <title level="m">The History of King Richard the Third</title>. Ed. <editor>Gerard B. Wegemer</editor> and <editor>Travis Curtright</editor>. <idno type="URI">http://medieval.ucdavis.edu/YORK.DURHAM/Richard.III.html</idno>.</bibl>

Bibliography Entry Examples

Example: Edited Editions

The following examples are both for the same edition. The first entry is listed by the editor so that we can cite footnotes, apparatus texts, and paratexts. The second entry is listed by the author so that we can cite the text itself.
<listBibl>
  <bibl xml:id="RING1" corresp="bibl:SIDN7">
    <editor>Ringler, William A. Jr.</editor>
    <title level="m">The Poems of Sir Philip Sidney</title>. <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>: <publisher>Clarendon Press</publisher>, <date>1962</date>.</bibl>
  
<!-- ... -->

  <bibl xml:id="SIDN7" corresp="bibl:RING1">
    <author>Sidney, Sir Philip</author>. <title level="m">The Poems of Sir Philip Sidney</title>. <editor>William A. Ringler, Jr.</editor>
    <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>: <publisher>Clarendon Press</publisher>, <date>1962</date>.</bibl>
</listBibl>

Example: Books

<bibl>
  <author>Loomba, Ania</author>. <title level="m">Gender, Race, Renaissance Drama</title>. <pubPlace>Manchester</pubPlace> and <pubPlace>New York</pubPlace>: <publisher>Manchester University Press</publisher>, <date>1989</date>. WSB <idno type="WSB">af334</idno>.</bibl>

Example: Edited Collections

<bibl>
  <editor>Alexander, Peter</editor>, ed. <title level="m">William Shakespeare: The Complete Works</title>. <pubPlace>London</pubPlace>: <publisher>Collins</publisher>, <date>1951</date>.</bibl>

Example: Edited and Translated Collections

<bibl>
  <title level="m">Gesta Henrici Quinti</title>. Ed. and trans. <editor role="translator">Frank Taylor</editor> and <editor role="translator">John S. Roskell</editor>. <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>: <publisher>Clarendon Press</publisher>, <date>1975</date>.</bibl>

Example: Chapter in Edited Collections

<bibl>
  <author>Grandage, Sarah</author>, and <author>Julie Sanders</author>. <title level="a">Shakespeare at a Distance</title>. <title level="m">Shakespeare and the Digital World: Redefining Scholarship and Practice</title>. Ed. <editor>Christie Carson</editor> and <editor>Peter Kirwan</editor>. <pubPlace>Cambridge</pubPlace>: <publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher>, 2014. 75-86.</bibl>

Example: Specific Editions

<bibl>
  <editor>Bevington, David</editor>, ed. <title level="m">The Complete Works of Shakespeare</title>. 4th ed. <pubPlace>New York</pubPlace>: <publisher>Longman</publisher>, <date>1997</date>.</bibl>

Example: Specific Series

<bibl>
  <author>Hoppe, Harry R.</author>
  <title level="a">John Wolfe, Printer and Publisher, 1579-1601</title>. <title level="s">The Library</title>. 4th series, 14 (<date>1933</date>): 241-288.</bibl>

Example: Journal Articles

<bibl>
  <author>Hope, Jonathan</author>, and <author>Laura Wright</author>. <title level="a">Female Education in Shakespeare's Stratford and Stratfordian Contacts in Shakespeare's London</title>. <title level="j">Notes and Queries</title> 43.2 (<date>1996</date>): 149-150. WSB <idno type="WSB">b0367</idno>. doi: <idno type="DOI">10.1093/nq/43.2.149</idno>.</bibl>

Example: ODNB Articles

Note that the date is the date of the revision, not the date of first publication or the date of access.
<bibl>
  <author>Griffiths, R. A.</author>
  <title level="a">Henry VI (1421–1471), King of England and Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine.</title>
  <title level="m">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</title>. <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>, <date>2015-05-28</date>. DOI <idno type="DOI">10.1093/ref:odnb/12953</idno>.</bibl>

Example: Newspaper Articles

<bibl>
  <title level="a">Covent-Garden Theatre</title>. <title level="j">The Times</title>. <date>11 April 1833</date>. 3.</bibl>

Example: Dissertations

<bibl>
  <author>Cockett, Peter</author>. <title level="u">Incongruity, Humour and Early English Comic Figures: Armin’s Natural Fools, the Vice, and Tarlton the Clown</title>. <publisher>University of Toronto</publisher>. PhD dissertation, <date>2001</date>.</bibl>

Examples: Early Printed Books

Silently modernize the titles of early printed books by normalizing the usage of long s, u/v, i/j, vv/w, and VV/W. Retain other peculiarities of spelling, punctuation, and capitalization.
<bibl>
  <author>Peele, George</author>. <title level="m">The Battel of Alcazar, fought in Barbarie, betweene Sebastian king of Portugall, and Abdelmelec king of Morocco. With the death of Captaine Stukeley</title>. <pubPlace>London</pubPlace>: <publisher>Edward Allde</publisher>, <date>1594</date>. STC <idno type="STC">19531</idno>. ESTC <idno type="ESTC">S110337</idno>.</bibl>

Example: A Copy of an Early Printed Book

<bibl>
  <author>Dekker, Thomas</author>, and <author>Thomas Middleton</author>. <title level="m">The Converted Courtesan</title>. <pubPlace>London</pubPlace>: <publisher>Valentine Simmes</publisher>, <date>1604</date>. STC <idno type="STC">6501</idno>. DEEP <idno type="DEEP">362</idno>.</bibl>

Example: Early Dictionaries in LEME

<bibl>
  <author>Thomas, Thomas</author>. <title level="m">Dictionarium Linguae Latinae et Anglicanae</title>. Printed by Thomae Thomasii for Richardum Boyle. Cambridge, <date>1587</date>. STC <idno type="STC">24008</idno>. LEME <idno type="LEME">179</idno>.</bibl>

Example: Reprinted Books or Articles

If the source is a reprint of an earlier publication, format and tag as follows:
<bibl>
  <author>Leavis, F.R.</author>
  <title level="a">Diabolical Intellect and the Noble Hero; or The Sentimentalist <title level="m">Othello</title>
  </title>. <title level="j">Scrutiny</title> 6 (<date>1937</date>); rpt. <title level="m">The Common Pursuit</title>. <pubPlace>London</pubPlace>: <publisher>Chatto & Windus</publisher>, <date>1952</date>; rpt. <pubPlace>London</pubPlace>: <publisher>Faber</publisher>, <date>2008</date>. 136-159.</bibl>
If the earlier publication is already in BIBL1, you still need to add an entry for the reprint and give it a unique xml:id. Pagination is often different in a reprint and we may well have some editors citing from the original and some editors citing from the reprint. If there is more than one reprint, there may well be multiple reprints in BIBL1. (Note that we do not proleptically add sources to BIBL1. We add them only when an editor cites from them.)
<listBibl>
  <bibl xml:id="BARB1">
    <author>Barber, C.L.</author>
    <title level="m">Shakespeare’s Festive Comedy: A Study of Dramatic Form and Its Relation to Social Custom</title>. <pubPlace>Princeton</pubPlace>: <publisher>Princeton University Press</publisher>, <date>1959</date>; rpt. <pubPlace>Cleveland & New York</pubPlace>: <publisher>Meridian</publisher>, <date>1963</date>.</bibl>
  <bibl xml:id="BARB2">
    <author>Barber, C.L.</author>
    <title level="m">Shakespeare’s Festive Comedy: A Study of Dramatic Form and its Relation to Social Custom</title>. <date>1959</date>. 2nd ed. <pubPlace>Princeton, NJ</pubPlace>: <publisher>Princeton University Press</publisher>, <date>1972</date>.</bibl>
  <bibl xml:id="BARB3">
    <author>Barber, C.L.</author>
    <title level="m">Shakespeare’s Festive Comedy: A Study of Dramatic Form and its Relation to Social Custom</title>. <date>1959</date>. New edition, with foreword by Stephen Greenblatt. <pubPlace>Princeton</pubPlace>: <publisher>Princeton University Press</publisher>, <date>2012</date>. WSB <idno type="WSB">aaab9</idno>.</bibl>
</listBibl>

Examples: Links to Authorities and Surrogates

Example: DEEP

<bibl>
<!-- ... -->
DEEP <idno type="DEEP">185</idno>
  <!-- ... -->
</bibl>

Example: DOI

<bibl>
<!-- ... -->
doi: <idno type="DOI">10.2307/2870650</idno>
  <!-- ... -->
</bibl>

Example: ESTC

<bibl>
<!-- ... -->
ESTC <idno type="ESTC">S1782</idno>
  <!-- ... -->
</bibl>

Example: Murphy, Andrew

<bibl>
<!-- ... -->
Murphy <idno type="Murphy">304</idno>
  <!-- ... -->
</bibl>

Example: STC

<bibl>
<!-- ... -->
STC <idno type="STC">1295</idno>
  <!-- ... -->
</bibl>

Example: TCP

<bibl>
<!-- ... -->
TCP <idno type="TCP">2240897473</idno>.</bibl>

Example: TCP-GIT

<bibl>TCP-Github <idno type="TCP-GIT">A07492</idno>.</bibl>

Example: URI

<bibl>
<!-- ... -->

  <idno type="URI">https://www.livescience.com/27433-ostriches.html</idno>
  <!-- ... -->
</bibl>

Example: WSB

<bibl>
<!-- ... -->
WSB <idno type="WSB">aae38</idno>
  <!-- ... -->
</bibl>

Example: Wiggins and Richardson

Note that you would give the Wiggins and Richardson number if you wanted to indicate the work rather than a particular publication (or text embodied in a publication). Use DEEP numbers for specific editions of a printed playbook. Manuscript plays do not have DEEP numbers, of course. If you want to cite from Wiggins’ and Richardson’s summaries or metadata compilations, cite by their surnames, volume number, and page number.
<bibl>
<!-- ... -->
Wiggins and Richardson <idno type="Wiggins">1493</idno>.</bibl>

Example: Wing

<bibl>
<!-- ... -->
Wing <idno type="Wing">S2913</idno>
  <!-- ... -->
</bibl>

Curate Edition Bibliography

Prior Reading

Rationale

Edition bibliographies are often divided into sections with separate lists for witnesses and editions collated, abbreviations used in the edition, secondary sources, and/or further reading.

Practice: Create Sections in Your Edition Bibliography

Each section of your bibliography should be contained in its own <div> element with a child <head> element and a <listBibl> element (child of <div> and sibling of <head> ). To do this, follow these steps:
Ensure that all of your sources (except specific copies of early witnesses) are in either BIBL1 or PROD1.
Nest a <div> element within the <body> of your file for each section of your edition bibliography.
Add the @xml:id attribute to each <div> element. Give the div a meaningful xml:id beginning with the file name (e.g., emdABBR_bibliography_secondary).
Add a <head> element to indicate which section each <div> contains.
<body>
  <div>
    <head>Secondary Sources</head>
  </div>
</body>
Nest a <listBibl> element within each <div> element.
<body>
  <div>
    <head>Secondary Sources</head>
    <listBibl/>
  </div>
</body>
Nest a self-closing <bibl> element within the <listBibl> for each source to which you want to link. Add the @corresp attribute (except for individual copies of early witnesses). The value of @corresp should begin with either bibl: (if the source is in BIBL1) or <prod:> (if it is in PROD1) followed by the xml:id of the source.
<body>
  <div>
    <head>Secondary Sources</head>
    <listBibl>
      <bibl corresp="bibl:ALLM1"/>
      <bibl corresp="bibl:ARCH1"/>
    </listBibl>
  </div>
</body>
Note that the list of editions collated needs to be in chronological order and other sections need to be organized alphabetically by name of author or editor. Editors may wish to add an xml comment after each element to note what the source is for their own reference.
<bibl corresp="bibl:KITT2"/>
<!-- Kittredge 1936 -->

Encode Productions

Encode Production Database Entries

LEMDOʼs Production Database (PROD1) works similarly to LEMDOʼs Bibliography (BIBL1).
Within each bibliographic entry in PROD1 we tag certain types of data to facilitate limited searching and ordering.
Once all information is in the correct order and is punctuated and capitalized according to Prepare Your Production Bibliography, you can add your source to PROD1.

Workflow

Wrap the text node of each entry in the <bibl> element.
Add an xml:id to the <bibl> element. The xml:id must be new and unique to the entire LEMDO project. Ctrl+F the A–Z Index text file on the lemdo-dev site (available from the Resources menu) to find the next unused ID.
Tag all directors with the <author> element.
Tag all titles with the <title> element, @level attribute and the appropriate value.
For stage productions, tag all city/states of performance with the <pubPlace> element.
For stage productions, tag all playing companies with the <publisher> element.
For films, tag all companies with the <distributor> element.
Tag all dates with the <date> element.

Examples

Film

Citing the director:
<bibl>
  <author>Branagh, Kenneth</author>, dir. <title level="m">Henry V</title>. <distributor>Renaissance Films</distributor>, <date>1989</date>.</bibl>
Citing the actor:
<bibl>
  <author>Howard, Bryce Dallas</author>, perf. <title level="m">As You Like It</title>. Dir. Kenneth Branagh. <publisher>HBO Films</publisher>, <date>2006</date>.</bibl>

Production

<bibl>
  <author>Hall, Edward</author>, dir. <title level="m">Henry V</title>. By <author>William Shakespeare</author>. <pubPlace>Stratford</pubPlace>: <publisher>Royal Shakespeare Company</publisher>, <date>2000</date>.</bibl>

Encoding Details

Directors

Tag directors using the <author> element. If there are two or more directors, tag each director with a separate <author> element.
Do not include punctuation between the tags (i.e., in the text node) unless it is part of the director’s name. The period after an initial is part of the director’s name:
<bibl>
<!-- ... -->

  <author>Gorrie, J.</author>, dir. <!-- ... --></bibl>
<bibl>
<!-- ... -->

  <author>Bogdanov, Michael</author>, dir. <!-- ... --></bibl>
Tag two or more directors as follows:
<bibl>
<!-- ... -->

  <author>Branagh, Kenneth</author> and <author>Paul Kafno</author>, dir. <!-- ... --></bibl>

Titles

Tag titles using the <title> element. Use the @level attribute to indicate what kind of work it is.
There are two different values that you may need in PROD1:
m (monographic) – the title applies to a monograph such as a book or other item considered to be a distinct publication, including single volumes of multivolume works.
s (series) – the title applies to a series of otherwise distinct publications such as a collection.
Do not include punctuation inside the element unless it is part of the title:
<bibl><!-- Preceding metadata -->
  <title level="m">Twelfth Night</title>. <title level="s">Shakespeare: The Animated Tales</title>
  <!-- ... -->
</bibl>

Place of Staging

For stage productions, tag the place of staging using the <pubPlace> element. There is no need to identify the specific place using attributes. Type a colon and a single space after the place of publication:
<bibl>
<!-- ... -->

  <pubPlace>Stratford</pubPlace>: <!-- ... --></bibl>

Playing Company

For stage productions, tag the playing companies <publisher> element. Type a comma and a single space after the playing company:
<bibl><!-- Preceding metadata -->
  <publisher>Royal Shakespeare Company</publisher>, <!-- ... --></bibl>

Distributor

For films, tag the distributor using the <distributor> element. Type a comma and a single space after the distributor:
<bibl><!-- Preceding metadata -->
  <distributor>Christmas Films</distributor>, <!-- --></bibl>

Date

Tag the date of publication (as given in the imprint line) using the <date> element. Type a period after the date. Add a single space if more information is to follow:
<bibl><!-- Preceding metadata -->
  <date>1997</date>. <!-- ... --></bibl>

Encode Performances

Introduction

Editors may choose to include performances of various texts in their editions. By performance, the LEMDO project refers not to a performance on which the text is based (i.e. not a recording that subsequently serves as the basis for the encoded text), but rather a recorded version that in some way derives itself from or comments upon the encoded text. That is, a performance is not subordinate to the encoded text, but instead can be understood as a form of standoff annotation; it is a commentary on the text itself.1 While the TEI Guidelines provide instructions for encoding recordings as the source material for an encoded text, they do not (at the time of writing) offer an explicit set of rules for encoding performance editions.2

How to Encode a Performance

Creating a Performance File

To create a performance file, create a standoff TEI file, located in the data/performances/ directory of the LEMDO repository. The file should be named according to the following set of rules:
The filename begins with perf_
Following perf_, the filename should reflect the work to which it refers
Each performance should be given an @xml:id that is the same as the filename.

Encoding Performance Metadata

Encoding the Recordings

Basic Structure
A performance file is encoded as follows:
The performance itself is wrapped in a <facsimile> element:
<TEI xml:id="perf_FV_QME">
  <teiHeader><!-- Metadata here... --></teiHeader>
  <facsimile><!-- [...] --></facsimile>
</TEI>
Each recorded video (i.e. each media artifact) is a separate <surface> element contained in a <facsimile> . These <surface> elements must include a <media> element, which provides a pointer to the video file. These video files should be kept on LEMDO’s server and pointed to using the sourceperf: prefix; consult with the LEMDO Project Director to have your video files added to the server.
<TEI xml:id="perf_FV_QME">
  <teiHeader><!-- Metadata here... --></teiHeader>
  <facsimile>
    <surface><!-- The full recording of the performance -->
      <media url="sourceperf:FV/fv_full.mp4" mimeType="video/mp4"/>
    </surface>
  </facsimile>
</TEI>
Recorded videos can nest; this allows for the encoding of clips or scenes:
<TEI xml:id="perf_FV_QME">
  <teiHeader><!-- Metadata here... --></teiHeader>
  <facsimile>
    <surface><!-- The full recording of the performance -->
      <media url="sourceperf:FV/fv_full.mp4" mimeType="video/mp4"/>
      <!-- SCENE 1 -->
      <surface>
        <media url="sourceperf:FV/FV_sc1.mp4" mimeType="video/mp4"/>
      </surface>
    </surface>
  </facsimile>
</TEI>
Each scene should also include an identifying heading like Scene 1. Add this heading by using the <label> element directly within the <surface> :
<surface>
  <label>Scene 1</label>
  <media url="sourceperf:FV/FV_sc1.mp4" mimeType="video/mp4"/>
</surface>
Optionally, any scene can include a discursive note (abstract, summary, et cetera), which can be added using the <note> element after the <media> element:
<surface>
  <label>Scene 1</label>
  <media url="sourceperf:FV/FV_sc1.mp4" mimeType="video/mp4"/>
  <note type="commentary">
    <p>The first scene of the show launched the audience into the ribald, rambunctious and definitively masculine world of the production as a whole. <!-- [...] --></p>
  </note>
</surface>
Associating a Performance with a Text
For performances to be associated with a text, each <surface> in a <facsimile> must be given an @xml:id. Each scene’s @xml:id must begin with the document’s root @xml:id and must be unique both within the file as well as within the document collection as a whole. If the @xml:id is not unique within the file, a schema error will be raised; if the @xml:id is not unique within the project, then the diagnostics process will break the build.
The @xml:id for each scene might look something like this:
<facsimile>
<!-- ... -->

  <surface xml:id="perf_FV_QME_scene1">
    <label>Famous Victories of Henry V, Scene 1</label>
    <media url="sourceperf:FV/fv_01s.mp4" mimeType="video/mp4"/>
    <note type="commentary">
      <p>
        <title level="m">FV</title> launches us dynamically into the action without preamble but that was not clear to the company when first approaching this scene. <!-- [...] --></p>
    </note>
  </surface>
  <surface xml:id="perf_FV_QME_scene2">
    <label>Famous Victories of Henry V, Scene 2</label>
    <media url="sourceperf:FV/fv_02s.mp4" mimeType="video/mp4"/>
    <note type="commentary">
      <p>The Queen’s Men apparently found their contemporary volunteer police force, the town watch, to be an excellent source of fun. <!-- [...] --></p>
    </note>
  </surface>
  <!-- ... -->
</facsimile>
Once a <surface> has a unique @xml:id, it can then be used as a pointer within the modern text. The most common case it to point a scene in the text (denoted by <div> / @type= scene ) to the surface. To do so, use the @corresp attribute with a pointer constructed like so:
Begin with perf: to signal that you are pointing at a performance
Then input the performance document’s @xml:id (in this case, FV_QME)
Use the pipe character (|) and the part of the @xml:id of the scene that follows the root @xml:id
Let’s take the performance edition of Famous Victories as an example, which has a performance file (emdFV_QME) and a modern text (emdFV_M). The following example demonstrates how to link the first scene of the text with the first scene of the performance:
<!-- In FV_M -->
<div type="scene" n="1" corresp="perf:FV_QME|scene1"><!-- [...] --></div>

Encode Citations

Prior Reading

This documentation presupposes that you are familiar with LEMDOʼs sitewide bibliography (BIBL1) and know how to encode reference links:

Principles/Rationale

We prioritize the needs of the digital user. That means that LEMDOʼs in-text citations are wrapped around the longest logical strings of text. This practice gives the digital user a longer string to click on.
We think about computer readability. That means that we give all the digits in a page span: (Hand 257–258) rather than (Hand 257–58) or (Hand 257–8).
Each citation must be complete and function independently of other citations. That means that each citation in a paragraph gets a <ref> tag pointing to a BIBL1 entry even if the entire paragraph quotes from the same source.

Practice: Cite Secondary Sources

The text node of the <ref> element should include the authorʼs name and the page number if the authorʼs name was not mentioned in the sentence:
<p><!-- paragraph with quotation --> (<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:CUSH1">Cushman 45</ref>) <!-- paragraph continues --></p>
You do not need to repeat the authorʼs surname if it has been mentioned within the sentence unless the referent is potentially ambiguous (because the sentence is very long, for example) or unless your anthology lead tells you to include names to provide a longer string for users to click on:
<p><!-- paragraph begins --> In G.E. Woodberry’s memorable phrase, Greene was a <quote>flitting bat in the slow dawn of our golden poet</quote> (<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:WOOD4">388-389, 394</ref>). <!-- paragraph continues --></p>
<p><!-- paragraph begins --> Wilson notes the various theatrical antecedents assigned to Falstaff by Hal, including <quote>the Devil of the miracle play, the Vice of the morality, and the Riot of the interlude</quote> and argues that Falstaff <quote>inherits by reversion the function and attributes of the Lord of Misrule, the Fool, the Buffoon, and the Jester <gap reason="sampling"/> In short, the Falstaff-Hal plot embodies a composite myth which had been centuries in the making</quote> (<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:WILS20">Wilson 20</ref>). <!-- paragraph continues --></p>
If you are citing an edition, its critical paratexts, or its annotations, cite by the name of the editor.
<p>as Gurr argues, retaining them all in this scene underscores the play’s emphasis on brotherhood (<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:GURR3">
  <title level="m">King Henry V</title>
</ref>).</p>
When citing from multiple sources in an in-text citation, separate each source with a semicolon and tag them with the <ref> element separately:
<p>The studiousness with which Greene assembles well-rubbed character types and tropes from popular genres such as medieval romance, chronicle history, and the homiletic interlude explains in part this positive reception (<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:MCNE1">McNeir 171-179</ref>; <ref type="bibl" target="bibl:HIEA1">Hieatt 182-186</ref>; <ref type="bibl" target="bibl:CART2">Cartwright 222-223</ref>).</p>

Practice: Cite Notes

To cite footnotes, the text node of the <ref> element should include authorʼs name and page number (if the authorʼs name was not included in the sentence) or page number (if the authorʼs name was included in the sentence). This should be followed by n. and the note number with no space between the two:
<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:ERNE1">Erne 103 n.6</ref>

Practice: Cite Primary Sources

Note that for in-text citations of Shakespeare, we use the playʼs DRE Play ID, wrapped in the <title> element:
<p>
<!-- ... -->
(<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:BOUR3">
  <title level="m">MND</title> 3.2.198-214</ref>) <!-- ... --></p>
When you want to point to or cite an act, scene, or speech in a modernized Shakespeare play, cite from The New Oxford Shakespeare. See Cite Shakespeare for more information on citing Shakespeare.
If you do not know the authorʼs name, you may give a short version of the title. You will want to take advice from your anthology lead to ensure that you are following your anthologyʼs practice on this point. For example, we do not know the author of The Famous Victories.
Consult with your anthology lead about how to cite plays by playwrites other than Shakespeare. LEMDO recommends using the DRE Play ID, wrapped in the <title> element. LEMDO also recognizes that we are often citing obscure plays. You and your anthology lead may wish to give a short title rather than an acronym.

Practice: Cite Dictionary Entries

To cite dictionaries other than the OED, the ODNB, or one of the many dictionaries in Lexicons of Early Modern English (LEME), give the name of the author(s)/compiler(s) and the head word of the entry. Wrap the head word in the <term> element and include the head word inside your <ref> element.
<note type="editorial">Thersites and his brothers were responsible for driving King Oeneus from the throne of Aetolia; and, <quote>According to the later poets he was killed by Achilles, because he had ridiculed him for lamenting the death of Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons</quote> (<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:PECK1">Peck, <term>Thersites</term>
</ref>).</note>
To cite from the OED, see Cite OED. To cite from the ODNB, see Cite ODNB. To cite from LEME, see Cite LEME.

Practice: Cite Signature Numbers

To cite early modern printed leaves and pages (in either the publication generally or a single copy thereof), cite by signature number. If the page is not signed, use inferred or bibliographic signature numbers. See Introduction to Signature Marks for information on how to work out bibliographic signature numbers for the verso of leaves and for unsigned leaves by interpolating and extrapolating from the signature marks on signed leaves.
Add r for recto (the first side of the leaf) and v for verso (the second side of the leaf). Do not superscript r and v.
For example, if you wanted to cite a variant on the first page of text in the Boston Public Library copy of the Q1 text of The Merchant of Venice, you would look for the signature marks and infer the signature number. The leaf is numbered A 2. in the forme works. The citation would be (Q1 BPL A2r). Do not use Sig. or sig. in your citation.
For longer books where the signature alphabet is used two or more times, convert signatures like Aa to 2A1.
What you want to cite Citation
Leaf signed A A1 leaf
Leaf signed A2 or A2. or A 2. A2 leaf
Leaf signed Aa 2A leaf
First side of the leaf signed Aa2 2A2r
Second side of leaf signed Aa2 (there will be nothing in the forme works on this side of the page) 2A2v
Fourth leaf (unsigned) in the A gathering A4 leaf
First side of fourth leaf (unsigned) in the A gathering A4r
Note that some gatherings are signed with lower-case letters (e.g., the gatherings in the first folio that contain 1 Henry IV, Henry V, and other history plays). Gatherings marked a, b, c are different from gatherings marked A, B, C. They are often interpolated gatherings. Respect the capitalization of the signature mark.

Cite Shakespeare

Rationale

There are many editions of Shakespeare. Editors may need to cite multiple editions while talking about past editorial practice. To cite quotations from modernized Shakespeare texts in order to discuss allusions, borrowing, or other turns of phrase, anthologies should choose a single anthology or series to cite throughout the anthology. The NISE and DRE anthologies cite preferentially from The New Oxford Shakespeare (2016).

Practice: Cite Plays

To cite from The New Oxford Shakespeare, find the play in BIBL1. We cite by the editor of each play, not the editors of the anthology. Respect the numbering system used in the play. The NOS privileges scene numbering for certain plays.

Examples

<p>
  <quote>Something from Cyprus, as I may divine; / It is a business of some heat</quote> (<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:TAYL6">
  <title level="m">Oth</title> 1.2.38–39</ref>).</p>
<p>
  <quote>I dare say / This quarrel will drink blood another day</quote> (<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:NEVI4">
  <title level="m">1H6</title> 2.4.133–134</ref>).</p>
<p>
  <quote>So flies the reckless shepherd from the wolf</quote> (<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:JOWE4">
  <title level="m">3H6</title> 28.7</ref>).</p>

Practice: Cite Deletions

To cite a section that is deleted in The New Oxford Shakespeare, cite the editorʼs name (even if you are quoting the deleted section, not the editorʼs commentary on this section. LEMDOʼs principle is to include editorʼs names in citations for editorial treatments, and we consider deletions to be an editorial treatment) followed by a comma and the full title that they provide for the play in The New Oxford Shakespeare. Cite act, scene, and lines as outlined in Practice: Cite Plays, then add “D” followed by the deletion number as given in the play text. There should be no space between “D” and the number.

Examples of Citing Deletions

<p>
  <quote>Of fair King Richard, scraped from Pomfret stones</quote> (<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:CONN7">Connor, <title level="m">The Second Part of Henry the Fourth</title> 1.1.173.D17</ref>).</p>

Works in NOS and xml:ids

Antony and Cleopatra (BOUR5)
Arden of Faversham (BOUR2)
Edward III (LOUG3)
Hamlet (JOWE7)
2 Henry IV (CONN7)
2 Henry VI (LOUG2)
3 Henry VI (JOWE4)
King Lear (JOWE8)
A Midsummer Nightʼs Dream (BOUR3)
Pericles (LOUG8)
Romeo and Juliet (CONN5)
Taming of the Shrew (PRUI2)
Timon of Athens (CONN1)
Titus Andronicus (TAYL5)
Troilus and Cressida (JOWE6)
All is True (SHAR4)
Allʼs Well that Ends Well (LOUG7)
As You Like It (CONN8)
The Comedy of Errors (NEVI3)
Coriolanus (CONN10)
Cymbeline (LOUG9)
1 Henry IV (PRUI4)
Henry V (LOUG5)
1 Henry VI (NEVI4)
Julius Caesar (NEVI5)
King John (CONN6)
Loveʼs Labourʼs Lost (CONN4)
Lucrece (CONN3)
Macbeth (JOWE9)
Measure for Measure (BOUR4)
The Merchant of Venice (LOUG4)
The Merry Wives of Windsor (NEVI6)
Much Ado About Nothing (PRUI5)
Othello (TAYL6)
Passionate Pilgrim (CONN12)
Richard II (PRUI3)
Richard III (JOWE5)
Shakespeareʼs Sonnets and a Loverʼs Complaint (CONN13)
Sir Thomas More: Additions (PRUI6)
Tempest (LOUG10)
Twelfth Night (LOUG6)
The Two Gentlemen of Verona (NEVI2)
The Two Noble Kinsmen (LOUG11)
Venus and Adonis (CONN2)
The Winterʼs Tale (BOUR6)

Cite OED

Rationale

OED citations appear frequently in critical apparatuses, often in gloss notes that define the term or phrase linked to the annotation. You must credit the OED if you cite or paraphrase definitions. You may also want to point users to a particular OED definition even if you do not quote or paraphrase.

Practice: What to Include

Format the citation as follows:
The OED citation appears in parentheses after the gloss and includes the title OED.
The headword is always included in the citation, even if it is the same as the word being annotated.
The case used in the citation should match the case used on the OED. For example, if a headword is listed in lowercase, make sure it is lowercase in the citation.
The part of speech is indicated after the headword. In the below example, n indicates that the gloss is for a noun. The number three indicates the entry number of the definition being quoted. In the OED there are currently four different noun entries for qualm.
The number of the exact definition is listed after the part of speech. In this case, the editor is citing from 1.a.
<note type="gloss">
  <quote>A sudden fit, impulse, or pang of sickening fear, misgiving, despair, etc.</quote> (<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:OEDT2">
  <title level="m">OED</title>
  <term>qualm</term>, n.3.1.a</ref>).</note>

Practice: How to Encode

Wrap OED citations in a <ref> element with the @type attribute and the value bibl. The @target attribute on the <ref> element has the value bibl:OEDT2, which points to the online 2nd edition of the OED in the BIBL1.xml file. Make sure the <ref> element encompasses the entire parenthetical citation, including the title, headword, and entry number.
The OED is conventionally cited by the acronym OED (as opposed to the authors, the press, or the full title). Tag it with a <title> element with a @level attribute and the value m. The acronym OED must always be tagged this way but the simplest approach is to type OED in your annotations and then do a find-and-replace when your annotations are approaching completion to supply the full encoding.
Tag direct quotations from the OED with the <quote> element. Even though LEMDO has a <gloss> element, we prioritize giving credit to the OED over indicating that the quotation is a gloss. In any case, a gloss is more commonly a one- or two-word term rather than a dictionary definition. This practice means that a <note> element may have a @type attribute with the value gloss and contain a quotation tagged with the <quote> element. See Introduction to Quotations, Terms, Expressions, Glosses, Emphasis, and Foreign Languages. If the gloss is your own, wrap it in the <gloss> element. If part of your gloss has been taken verbatim from the OED, wrap the quoted part in the <quote> element.

Examples

You can do various things with an OED definition. These examples work with the OED definition of countenance:
8.a. Patronage; appearance of favour; appearance on any side (Johnson); moral support.
1.a. Bearing, demeanour, comportment; behaviour, conduct.
4.a. The look or expression of a personʼs face.
<!-- Editor quotes OED and gives credit to the OED in a parenthetical citation. --> <note type="gloss">
  <quote>The look or expression of a personʼs face</quote> (<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:OEDT2">
  <title level="m">OED</title>
  <term>countenance</term>, n.1.4.a</ref>).</note>
<!-- Editor writes their own gloss and points reader to the OED for corroboration. --> <note type="gloss">Protection (see <ref type="bibl" target="bibl:OEDT2">
  <title level="m">OED</title>
  <term>countenance</term>, n.1.8.a</ref>).</note>
<!-- Editor paraphrases OED and gives credit to the OED in a parenthetical. Note that in the case the editor has also given a gloss within the note. --> <note type="gloss">Patronage, support, and protection, here used ironically in the sense of <gloss>lack of support</gloss>; also, demeanor, conduct, look or expression of the face (<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:OEDT2">
  <title level="m">OED</title>
  <term>countenance</term>, n.1</ref>).</note>
In this example, the editor provides their own gloss and quote from the OED:
<note type="gloss">Farm-hand; <quote>rustic</quote> (<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:OEDT2">
  <title level="m">OED</title>
  <term>hind</term> n.2.3</ref>).</note>
While most glosses from the OED will be formatted in the manner shown above, some editors choose to incorporate them into the running text:
<p>See <title level="m">OED</title> headword, n.# #.</p>
<p>This passage is quoted in <title level="m">OED</title> headword, n.# #.</p>

Cite ODNB

Rationale

Citations from the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) appear occasionally in character lists, annotations, and critical paratexts. Every ODNB article has a named author. We give credit to the author of the article rather than make a generic reference to the ODNB.

Practice

Make an entry in your edition bibliography for each ODNB article that you cite. See ODNB Article. Once LEMDO has added all of these entries to the sitewide bibliography (BIBL1) and given you the xml:ids of the entries, you will be able to encode your own citations fully.
In your parenthetical citation, give the author’s surname. You do not need to add a short title for the digital environment because users will get the full citation when they click on the author’s surname; if your edition is going to be printed and if there are two or more entries on your bibliography by the same author, you will need to give a short title. There are no page numbers to give.3
Encode the citation as you would any other citation of an article. See Practice: Cite Secondary Sources.

Examples

<note type="annotation" target="doc:emdTTR3_M#emdTTR3_M_anc_65" targetEnd="doc:emdTTR3_M#emdTTR3_M_anc_66">
  <note type="label">But tell … Truth</note>
  <note type="gloss">A pertinent question, given the lack of clarity over Henry’s death. The actual circumstances are murky, but he died in the Tower following the battle of Tewkesbury, likely murdered (<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:GRIF6">Griffiths</ref>).</note>
</note>

Cite LEME

Rationale

Lexicons of Early Modern English (LEME) makes it possible to search across 290+ encoded early modern dictionaries. You will find many usages and definitions that predate the first occurrences listed in the OED. LEMDO strongly encourages editors to use LEME alongside the OED, and to cite preferentially from LEME as often as possible. LEME is an open-access resource, which means we can link directly to the early modern definitions. You will want to read the section entitled Scope in the Introduction to LEME and ensure that you understand the difference between hard word lexicons, translating dictionaries, and terms of art lexicons.

Practice: What to Include

We add individual dictionaries in LEME to our bibliography as editors cite them. We also make links to LEME directly from our citations. Readers will find abundant information about each dictionary on the LEME site.
Format the citation as follows:
The LEME citation appears in parentheses after the gloss and includes the acronym LEME (not italicized).
Include the surname of the dictionary author and the headword. In many cases, the headword will not be the word for which you searched, but rather the headword of the entry in which you found your word being used.
Make a note of the lexicon and entry number you are quoting or paraphrasing. The numbers are part of the URL of every LEME entry. If the URL is https://leme.library.utoronto.ca/lexicon/entry/231/9179, the lexicon number is 231 and the entry number is 9179.
Format the parenthetical citation like this: Florio, Costante .

Practice: Encode Citations to LEME

Wrap the authorʼs name in a <ref> element. Add a @type attribute. The value of @type must be bibl. The value of the target attribute will begin with the bibl: prefix followed by the xml:id of the dictionary in the BIBL1.xml file.
Wrap the headword in a <term> element and then in a <ref> element. Add a @target attribute to the <ref> element. The value of @target must begin with the prefix leme:, followed by the number of the lexicon, a pipe character (|) and the number of the entry.

Examples

<note type="gloss">demeanour is grim, horrible, terrible, fearful (<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:COTG1">Cotgrave</ref>, <ref target="leme:298|25171">
  <term>Hideusement</term>
</ref>).</note>

Cite Bullough’s Narrative and Dramatic Sources

Rationale

Geoffrey Bullough’s eight-volume Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare is useful to LEMDO editors in various ways. For those editing lesser-known plays that happen to be sources or analogues for Shakespeare (e.g., Famous Victories in the QME anthology, The Device of the Pageant in the MoMS anthology, Bullough’s transcription of your play might well offer readings that you want to collate. Editors of Shakespeare will want to cite Bullough in any discussion of sources. For ISE legacy editions, Bullough is often the copytext for a supplementary text.
Because of the importance of Bullough as a textual witness and a critical compilation, LEMDO has proleptically added entries to the sitewide bibliography for the complete eight-volume work and for each individual volume.
We do not want to add an entry to the sitewide bibliography for every source and analogue in Bullough. We have retained about four legacy Bullough sources that had already been cited by QME editions; these entries are exceptions and should not be taken as precedent-setting.

Practice: Edition Bibliography

Make a <bibl> entry in your edition bibliography for each volume of Bullough from which you cite. Add the @corresp attribute and the correct value from the following table:
Volume xml:id
Volume I BULL1
Volume II BULL2
Volume III BULL3
Volume IV BULL4
Volume V BULL5
Volume VI BULL6
Volume VII BULL7
Volume VIII BULL8
8-volume set BULL11

Examples

<!-- Editor of Twelfth Night includes Volume VIII -->
<bibl corresp="bibl:BULL8"/>
<!-- Editor cites the 8-volume set. -->
<bibl corresp="bibl:BULL11"/>

Practice: Parenthetical Citations

In your parenthetical citation (normally in critical paratexts and annotations), give Bullough’s surname. Give the volume number followed by a colon, then the page number.

Examples

<note type="commentary"> Hall’s detail is gleaned from John Rastell’s 1529 <title level="m">The Pastime of People or the Chronicles of Divers Realms</title> (<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:BULL3">Bullough 3:225</ref>). </note>

Practice: Collation

If you are taking one of Bullough’s sources or analogues as a witness, you will need to add the volume to your witness list. Create a <witness> for Bullough, with a logical xml:id for the witness (i.e., a value ending in _bullough. Use the @corresp attribute to associate your witness with the correct Bullough volume.
If you want to say more about the witness than is already provided in the BIBL1.xml entry, you may provide an alternative citation in the text node of the <witness> element. Omit the @corresp attribute. Our processor will display the contents of your text node.

Examples

<!-- A witness that inherits the bibliographical information already in BIBL1 -->
<witness xml:id="emdDEVI3_M_collation_bullough" n="Bullough" corresp="bibl:BULL3"/>
<!-- A witness that provides more information than is available in BIBL1 --> <witness xml:id="emdFV_M_collation_Bullough" n="Bullough">Text of <title level="m">The Famous Victories of Henry the Fifth</title> in <ref type="bibl" target="bibl:BULL4">Bullough Volume IV</ref>.</witness>

Practice: Responsibility Statements

If you want to give credit to Bullough as a person in a <respStmt> element (i.e., as a transcriber, translator, or compiler), Bullough’s xml:id in PERS1is BULL12.

Example

<respStmt>
  <resp ref="resp:trl">Translator</resp>
  <name ref="pers:BULL12">Geoffey Bullough</name>
</respStmt>

Notes

1.See the QME Guidelines on performance for a broader theoretical discussion on the nature of performance editions.↑
2.The Music Encoding Initiative does, however, offer a mechanism for encoding performances.↑
3.If the ODNB adds paragraph numbers in the future, we will add documentation about how to cite by paragraph number.↑

Prosopography

Chloe Mee

Chloe Mee is a research assistant on the LEMDO team who is working as a remediator on Old Spelling texts. She is about to start her second year at UVic in Fall 2022 and is pursuing an Honours degree in English. Currently, she is working on the LEMDO team through a VKURA internship. She loves literature and is enjoying the opportunity to read and encode Shakespeare quartos!

Geoffey Bullough

Isabella Seales

Isabella Seales is a fourth year undergraduate completing her Bachelor of Arts in English at the University of Victoria. She has a special interest in Renaissance and Metaphysical Literature. She is assisting Dr. Jenstad with the MoEML Mayoral Shows anthology as part of the Undergraduate Student Research Award program.

Janelle Jenstad

Janelle Jenstad is a Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of The Map of Early Modern London, and Director of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media: Old Words, New Tools (Routledge). She has edited John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Elizabethan Theatre, Early Modern Literary Studies, Shakespeare Bulletin, Renaissance and Reformation, and The Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies. She contributed chapters to Approaches to Teaching Othello (MLA); Teaching Early Modern Literature from the Archives (MLA); Institutional Culture in Early Modern England (Brill); Shakespeare, Language, and the Stage (Arden); Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate); New Directions in the Geohumanities (Routledge); Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter); Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana); Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota); Rethinking Shakespeare Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge); and Civic Performance: Pageantry and Entertainments in Early Modern London (Routledge). For more details, see janellejenstad.com.

Joey Takeda

Joey Takeda is LEMDO’s Consulting Programmer and Designer, a role he assumed in 2020 after three years as the Lead Developer on LEMDO.

Kate LeBere

Project Manager, 2020–2021. Assistant Project Manager, 2019–2020. Textual Remediator and Encoder, 2019–2021. Kate LeBere completed her BA (Hons.) in History and English at the University of Victoria in 2020. During her degree she published papers in The Corvette (2018), The Albatross (2019), and PLVS VLTRA (2020) and presented at the English Undergraduate Conference (2019), Qualicum History Conference (2020), and the Digital Humanities Summer Institute’s Project Management in the Humanities Conference (2021). While her primary research focus was sixteenth and seventeenth century England, she completed her honours thesis on Soviet ballet during the Russian Cultural Revolution. She is currently a student at the University of British Columbia’s iSchool, working on her masters in library and information science.

Martin Holmes

Martin Holmes has worked as a developer in the UVicʼs Humanities Computing and Media Centre for over two decades, and has been involved with dozens of Digital Humanities projects. He has served on the TEI Technical Council and as Managing Editor of the Journal of the TEI. He took over from Joey Takeda as lead developer on LEMDO in 2020. He is a collaborator on the SSHRC Partnership Grant led by Janelle Jenstad.

Navarra Houldin

Project manager 2022–present. Textual remediator 2021–present. Navarra Houldin (they/them) completed their BA in History and Spanish at the University of Victoria in 2022. During their degree, they worked as a teaching assistant with the University of Victoriaʼs Department of Hispanic and Italian Studies. Their primary research was on gender and sexuality in early modern Europe and Latin America.

Nicole Vatcher

Technical Documentation Writer, 2020–2022. Nicole Vatcher completed her BA (Hons.) in English at the University of Victoria in 2021. Her primary research focus was womenʼs writing in the modernist period.

Rylyn Christensen

Rylyn Christensen is an English major at the University of Victoria.

Tracey El Hajj

Junior Programmer 2019–2020. Research Associate 2020–2021. Tracey received her PhD from the Department of English at the University of Victoria in the field of Science and Technology Studies. Her research focuses on the algorhythmics of networked communications. She was a 2019–2020 President’s Fellow in Research-Enriched Teaching at UVic, where she taught an advanced course on Artificial Intelligence and Everyday Life. Tracey was also a member of the Map of Early Modern London team, between 2018 and 2021. Between 2020 and 2021, she was a fellow in residence at the Praxis Studio for Comparative Media Studies, where she investigated the relationships between artificial intelligence, creativity, health, and justice. As of July 2021, Tracey has moved into the alt-ac world for a term position, while also teaching in the English Department at the University of Victoria.

Bibliography

Allmand, Christopher. The Hundred Years War: England and France at war c. 1300 – c. 1450. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Archer, I.W. The Pursuit of Stability: Social Relations in Elizabethan London. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Bourus, Terri and Gary Taylor, eds. The Tragedy of M. Arden of Faversham; or, The Tragedy of M. Arden of Fevershame. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 121–181. WSB aaag2304.
Bourus, Terri, ed. A Midsummer Nightʼs Dream. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 1083–1134. WSB aaag2304.
Bourus, Terri, ed. Antony and Cleopatra. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 2571–2657. WSB aaag2304.
Bourus, Terri, ed. Measure for Measure. By William Shakespeare and Thomas Middleton. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 2199–2269. WSB aaag2304.
Bourus, Terri, ed. The Winterʼs Tale. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 2897–2973. WSB aaag2304.
Bullough, Geoffrey, ed. Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. 8 vols. London: Routledge and Paul; New York: Columbia University Press, 1957–1975. WSB ay78.
Bullough, Geoffrey, ed. Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. Volume III: Earlier English History Plays: Henry VI, Richard III, Richard II. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Columbia University Press, 1960.
Bullough, Geoffrey, ed. Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. Volume IV: Later English History Plays: King John, Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VIII. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Columbia University Press, 1962.
Bullough, Geoffrey, ed. Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. Volume V: The Roman Plays: Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra, Coriolanus. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Columbia University Press, 1964.
Bullough, Geoffrey, ed. Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. Volume VI: Other ‘Classical’ Plays: Titus Andronicus, Troilus and Cressida, Timon of Athens, Pericles, Prince of Tyre. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Columbia University Press, 1966.
Bullough, Geoffrey, ed. Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. Volume VII: Major Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Columbia University Press, 1973.
Bullough, Geoffrey, ed. Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. Volume VIII: Romances: Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, The Tempest. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Columbia University Press, 1975.
Bullough, Geoffrey. Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. Volume I: Early Comedies, Poems, Romeo and Juliet. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Columbia University Press, 1957.
Bullough, Geoffrey. Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare. Volume II: The Comedies, 1597–1603. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Columbia University Press, 1958.
Cartwright, Kent. Theatre and Humanism: English Drama in the Sixteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Connor, Francis X., ed. A Pleasant Conceited Comedy Called Love’s Labour’s Lost. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 777–844. WSB aaag2304.
Connor, Francis X., ed. As You Like It. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 1693–1755. WSB aaag2304.
Connor, Francis X., ed. Lucrece. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 677–721. WSB aaag2304.
Connor, Francis X., ed. Shakespeareʼs Sonnets and A Loverʼs Complaint. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 2814–2892. WSB aaag2304.
Connor, Francis X., ed. The Life and Death of King John. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 1139–1206. WSB aaag2304.
Connor, Francis X., ed. The Life of Timon of Athens. By William Shakespeare and Thomas Middleton. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 2435–2499. WSB aaag2304.
Connor, Francis X., ed. The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 1001–1077. WSB aaag2304.
Connor, Francis X., ed. The Passionate Pilgrim. By William Shakespeare, Richard Barnfield, B. Griffin, Thomas Deloney, Christopher Marlowe, Walter Raleigh, and Anonymous. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 1511–1527. WSB aaag2304.
Connor, Francis X., ed. The Second Part of Henry the Fourth. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 1359–1436. WSB aaag2304.
Connor, Francis X., ed. The Tragedy of Coriolanus. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 2727–2813. WSB aaag2304.
Connor, Francis X., ed. Venus and Adonis. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 643–672. WSB aaag2304.
Cotgrave, Randle. A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues. London, 1611; Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1950; rpt. 1968. STC 5830. ESTC S107262. See also LEME 298.
Cushman, Robert. Play Descends into Skid Row. National Post. 4 November 2006.
Erne, Lukas. Shakespeare as Literary Dramatist. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. WSB aal122.
Gossett, Suzanne, ed. Pericles. Arden Shakespeare, Third Series. London: Thomson, 2004.
Gurr, Andrew, ed. King Henry V. New Cambridge Shakespeare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992; rpt. 2005. WSB aaq278.
Hieatt, Charles W. A New Source for Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay . Review of English Studies 32.126 (1981): 180–187.
Jowett, John, ed. King Lear and his Three Daughters. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 2351–2433. WSB aaag2304.
Jowett, John, ed. The Third Part of Henry the Sixth; or, The Tragedy of Richard Duke of York. By William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and Anonymous. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 335–406. WSB aaag2304.
Jowett, John, ed. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 1997–2099. WSB aaag2304.
Jowett, John, ed. The Tragedy of Macbeth. By William Shakespeare and Thomas Middleton. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 2505–2565. WSB aaag2304.
Jowett, John, ed. The Tragedy of Richard the Third. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 547–638. WSB aaag2304.
Jowett, John, ed. Troilus and Cressida. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 1907–1992. WSB aaag2304.
Kittredge, George Lyman, ed. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Boston: Ginn and Co., 1936.
Loughnane, Rory, ed. Allʼs Well That Ends Well. By William Shakespeare and Thomas Middleton. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford Universtiy Press, 2016. 2275–2346. WSB aaag2304.
Loughnane, Rory, ed. Cymbeline, King of Britain. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 2979–3068. WSB aaag2304.
Loughnane, Rory, ed. Pericles, Prince of Tyre. By William Shakespeare and George Wilkins. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 2663–2722. WSB aaag2304.
Loughnane, Rory, ed. The Comical History of the Merchant of Venice; or, The Jew of Venice. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 1211–1273. WSB aaag2304.
Loughnane, Rory, ed. The Life of Henry the Fifth. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 1533–1606. WSB aaag2304.
Loughnane, Rory, ed. The Reign of King Edward the Third. By Anonymous and William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 481–542. WSB aaag2304.
Loughnane, Rory, ed. The Second Part of Henry the Sixth; or, The First Part of the Contention. By William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 255–330. WSB aaag2304.
Loughnane, Rory, ed. The Tempest. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 3073–3131. WSB aaag2304.
Loughnane, Rory, ed. The Two Noble Kinsmen. By John Fletcher and William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 3273–3356. WSB aaag2304.
Loughnane, Rory, ed. Twelfth Night; or, What you Will. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 1829–1889. WSB aaag2304.
McNeir, Waldo F. Traditional Elements in the Character of Greene’s Friar Bacon. Studies in Philology 45.2 (1948): 172–179.
Neville, Sarah, ed. The Comedy of Errors. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 727–771. WSB aaag2304.
Neville, Sarah, ed. The First Part of King Henry the Sixth; or, Harry the Sixth. By Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, Anonymous, and William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 927–996. WSB aaag2304.
Neville, Sarah, ed. The Merry Wives of Windsor. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 1761–1824. WSB aaag2304.
Neville, Sarah, ed. The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 1611–1675. WSB aaag2304.
Neville, Sarah, ed. The Two Gentlemen of Verona. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 63–116. WSB aaag2304.
OED: The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Peck, Harry Thurston. Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. New York. Harper and Brothers. 1898.
Pruitt, Anna, ed. Much Ado about Nothing. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 1441–1505. WSB aaag2304.
Pruitt, Anna, ed. Sir Thomas More: Additions by Shakespeare. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 2103–2110. WSB aaag2304.
Pruitt, Anna, ed. The History of Henry the Fourth. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 1279–1353. WSB aaag2304. 1H4.
Pruitt, Anna, ed. The Taming of the Shrew. By William Shakespeare. The New Oxford Shakespeare. Ed. Gary Taylor, John Jowett, Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 411–476. WSB aaag2304.
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Glossary

xml:id
“A unique value that we use to tag an entity. Strictly speaking, @xml:id is an attribute that can be added to any XML element. We use it as a shorthand for “value of the xml:id”. Every person, role, glyph, ligature, bibliographical entry, act, scene, speech, paragraph, page beginning, XML file, division within XML files, and anchor has a unique xml:id value, some of which are assigned automatically during the processing of our XML files.”

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Authority title Chapter 10. Bibliography and Citation Guidelines
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