Encode Entities

Rationale

Entities are individual organizations, people, places, and bibliography entries. LEMDO tags entities for multiple reasons:
To link names of contributors to their bio-bibliographical entry
To link names of historical people to biographical information
To identify and link organizations to a brief description
To link in-text citations to full citation entries
To facilitate our current processing (counting, linking, giving credit)
To identify London placenames and enrich MoEML
To identify placenames for a future placeography
To prepare for future ingestion of our entities into the LINCS triplestore where they can be connected to other projects about early modern people, places, and texts

Practice

LEMDO has a few sitewide data files that contain many xml:ids used to identify things from people to works editors have cited: the Personography (PERS1.xml), Prosopography (PROS1.xml), Orgography (ORGS1.xml), Bibliography (BIBL1.xml), and Production Database (PROD1.xml). When you want to link to an entity within one of these sitewide data files from the file you are working in, you need to point to an xml:id from one of these sitewide data files.
In short, to encode an entity you need to (1) identify the text node that you want to become the link, (2) wrap the text node in the appropriate element, and (3) add the appropriate attributes and values (prefix + the value of the entity’s @xml:id). Which element, attribute, and value prefix you use depend on what type of entity you want to tag. The table below summarizes this data:
Type of Entity Sitewide Data File Element Attribute Value Prefix
MoEML Personography MoEML <persName> @ref "mol:"
MoEML Editions and Pages MoEML <ref> @target "mol:"
Modern Person PERS1 <persName> @ref "pers:"
Historical person PROS1 <persName> @ref "pros:"
Organization ORGS1 <name> @ref "org:"
Souce/Citation BIBL1 <ref> @type, @target "bibl", "bibl:"
Production PROD1 <ref> @type, @target "prod", "prod:"
London Toponym MoEML <placeName> @ref "mol:"

People

There are two files that contain the xml:ids of people: the Personography (PERS1.xml) and the Prosopography (PROS1.xml). The Personography contains the xml:ids for people such as LEMDO contributors, editors, and research assistants. The Prosopography contains the xml:ids of historical people.
To create a link to someone in the Personography, use the <persName> element, @ref attribute, and "pers:" prefix + xml:id:
<persName ref="pers:LEBE1">Kate LeBere</persName>
For people in the Prosopography, use the "pros:" value prefix + xml:id:
<persName ref="pros:SHAK1">William Shakespeare</persName>

Organizations

The xml:ids of orgainzations are stored in the Orgography (ORGS1.xml).
To create a link to an organization, use the <name> element, @ref attribute, and "orgs:" prefix:
<name ref="org:UVIC1">University of Victoria</name>

Bibliography Entries

The xml:ids of sources cited by editors (books, journal articles, newspaper articles, etc.) are stored in the Bibliography (BIBL1.xml).
To create a link to a source, use the <ref> element, @type attribute with a "bibl" value, and a @target attribute with the "bibl:" prefix + xml:id:
<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:MANL1">Manley and MacLean 93-96</ref>
When tagging an in-text citation, note that the author name and page number are both included in the text node:
<p>Londoners certainly knew the play: Henslowe’s accounts confirm that the Queen’s Men acted it on the Bankside during the Easter season of 1594 (<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:FOAK2">Foakes 21</ref>); it was probably performed as well at city innyards such as the Bull in Bishopsgate Street and the Bell Savage near Ludgate (<ref type="bibl" target="bibl:KATH1">Kathman 68-75</ref>).</p>

Production Entries

The xml:ids of productions cited by editors (theatre performances, movies, etc.) are stored in the Production Database (PROD1.xml).
To create a link to a production, use the <ref> element, @type attribute with a "prod" value, and a @target attribute with the "prod:" prefix + xml:id:
<ref type="prod" target="prod:BRAN2">Branagh</ref>

London Toponyms

Tag places in London with their ids from the Map of Early Modern London (MoEML) project. Follow these steps:
Identify the location correctly using the resources of MoEML:
Placeography (organized by type of location)
Gazetteer of variant placenames. Further information on how the gazetteer was created and how to use it effectively is also available; see The MoEML Gazetteer of Early Modern London.
Find the unique MoEML xml:id for the location (also known as a mol:id in the MoEML project), using either the gazetteer or this page listing all locations by authority name.
Wrap the toponym in the <placeName> element, as in the example below. Do not include deictics or articles in the text node of placeName.

Examples

<p>In former ages, he was not encompassed with such glories; no such firmaments of stars were to be seen in <ref target="mol:CHEA2">Cheapside</ref>.</p>
<!-- Note that we wrap the ref element only around the word Globe. --> <p>The play was first performed at the <ref target="mol:GLOB1">Globe</ref>.</p>

Prosopography

Janelle Jenstad

Janelle Jenstad is a Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of The Map of Early Modern London, and Director of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media: Old Words, New Tools (Routledge). She has edited John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Elizabethan Theatre, Early Modern Literary Studies, Shakespeare Bulletin, Renaissance and Reformation, and The Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies. She contributed chapters to Approaches to Teaching Othello (MLA); Teaching Early Modern Literature from the Archives (MLA); Institutional Culture in Early Modern England (Brill); Shakespeare, Language, and the Stage (Arden); Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate); New Directions in the Geohumanities (Routledge); Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter); Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana); Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota); Rethinking Shakespeare Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge); and Civic Performance: Pageantry and Entertainments in Early Modern London (Routledge). For more details, see janellejenstad.com.

Joey Takeda

Joey Takeda is LEMDO’s Consulting Programmer and Designer, a role he assumed in 2020 after three years as the Lead Developer on LEMDO.

Kate LeBere

Project Manager, 2020–2021. Assistant Project Manager, 2019–2020. Textual Remediator and Encoder, 2019–2021. Kate LeBere completed her BA (Hons.) in History and English at the University of Victoria in 2020. During her degree she published papers in The Corvette (2018), The Albatross (2019), and PLVS VLTRA (2020) and presented at the English Undergraduate Conference (2019), Qualicum History Conference (2020), and the Digital Humanities Summer Institute’s Project Management in the Humanities Conference (2021). While her primary research focus was sixteenth and seventeenth century England, she completed her honours thesis on Soviet ballet during the Russian Cultural Revolution. She is currently a student at the University of British Columbia’s iSchool, working on her masters in library and information science.

Mahayla Galliford

Project manager, 2025-present; research assistant, 2021-present. Mahayla Galliford (she/her) graduated with a BA (Hons with distinction) from the University of Victoria in 2024. Mahayla’s undergraduate research explored early modern stage directions and civic water pageantry. Mahayla continues her studies through UVic’s English MA program and her SSHRC-funded thesis project focuses on editing and encoding girls’ manuscripts, specifically Lady Rachel Fane’s dramatic entertainments, in collaboration with LEMDO.

Martin Holmes

Martin Holmes has worked as a developer in the UVic’s Humanities Computing and Media Centre for over two decades, and has been involved with dozens of Digital Humanities projects. He has served on the TEI Technical Council and as Managing Editor of the Journal of the TEI. He took over from Joey Takeda as lead developer on LEMDO in 2020. He is a collaborator on the SSHRC Partnership Grant led by Janelle Jenstad.

Navarra Houldin

Training and Documentation Lead 2025–present. LEMDO project manager 2022–2025. Textual remediator 2021–present. Navarra Houldin (they/them) completed their BA with a major in history and minor in Spanish at the University of Victoria in 2022. Their primary research was on gender and sexuality in early modern Europe and Latin America. They are continuing their education through an MA program in Gender and Social Justice Studies at the University of Alberta where they will specialize in Digital Humanities.

Tracey El Hajj

Junior Programmer 2019–2020. Research Associate 2020–2021. Tracey received her PhD from the Department of English at the University of Victoria in the field of Science and Technology Studies. Her research focuses on the algorhythmics of networked communications. She was a 2019–2020 President’s Fellow in Research-Enriched Teaching at UVic, where she taught an advanced course on Artificial Intelligence and Everyday Life. Tracey was also a member of the Map of Early Modern London team, between 2018 and 2021. Between 2020 and 2021, she was a fellow in residence at the Praxis Studio for Comparative Media Studies, where she investigated the relationships between artificial intelligence, creativity, health, and justice. As of July 2021, Tracey has moved into the alt-ac world for a term position, while also teaching in the English Department at the University of Victoria.

William Shakespeare

Bibliography

Branagh, Kenneth, dir. Henry V. Renaissance Films, 1989.
Foakes, R.A., ed. Henslowe’s Diary, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. WSB aah397.
Kathman, David. London Inns as Playing Venues for the Queen’s Men. Locating the Queen’s Men, 1583–1603: Material Practices and Conditions of Playing. Ed. Helen Ostovich, Holger Schott Syme, and Andrew Griffin. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2009. 65–75. WSB aay90.
Manley, Lawrence, and Sally-Beth MacLean. Lord Strange’s Men and their Plays. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014. WSB aaad207.

Orgography

LEMDO Team (LEMD1)

The LEMDO Team is based at the University of Victoria and normally comprises the project director, the lead developer, project manager, junior developers(s), remediators, encoders, and remediating editors.

University of Victoria (UVIC1)

https://www.uvic.ca/

Metadata

Authority title Encode Entities
Type of text Documentation
Publisher University of Victoria on the Linked Early Modern Drama Online Platform
Series Linked Early Modern Drama Online
Source
TEI Customization created by Martin Holmes, Joey Takeda, and Janelle Jenstad; documentation written by members of the LEMDO Team
Editorial declaration n/a
Edition Released with Linked Early Modern Drama Online 1.0
Encoding description Encoded in TEI P5 according to the LEMDO Customization and Encoding Guidelines
Document status prgGenerated
Funder(s) Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
License/availability
This file is licensed under a CC BY-NC_ND 4.0 license, which means that it is freely downloadable without permission under the following conditions: (1) credit must be given to the author and LEMDO in any subsequent use of the files and/or data; (2) the content cannot be adapted or repurposed (except in quotations for the purposes of academic review and citation); and (3) commercial uses are not permitted without the knowledge and consent of the editor and LEMDO. This license allows for pedagogical use of the documentation in the classroom.