Encode Inline Style Using Pre-Formed Values in Semi-Diplomatic Transcriptions

This documentation will introduce you to the most granular form of styling for your semi-diplomatic transcription, inline style.

Rationale

Although LEMDO’s default stylesheet likely captures most key features of your playbook, all early modern playbooks have some unique features that must be captured using inline style. Where your playbook sporadically deviates from our standard styling for semi-diplomatic transcriptions, you have the option of three attributes for inline style: @rendition, @place, and @style. This documentation will guide you through choosing which attribute to use and through encoding the @rendition and @place attributes. LEMDO has written pre-formed values for these two attributes and has associated styling with them. Because of this, they require no knowledge of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). The @style attribute requires knowledge of CSS and is covered in Encode Inline Style Using CSS and CSS Flex in Semi-Diplomatic Transcriptions.

Principles: Choose Inline Styling Attributes

Inline style should be used in cases where your playbook sporadically deviates from LEMDO’s default styling (i.e., if the deviations are not consistently on an element throughout your entire semi-diplomatic transcription file). Use the following list to determine which attribute to use when you have style deviations:
Typographical styling that can be described using one of LEMDO’s pre-formed @rendition values: Use the @rendition attribute. E.g., a name in a speech is in italic type.
Placement of stage directions, page numbers, and labels: Use the @place attribute with one of LEMDO’s pre-formed placement values. E.g., a stage direction is in the centre of a line.
Styling that is unique and/or complex and cannot be described using either LEMDO’s pre-formed @rendition or @placevalues: Use the @style attribute with CSS as a value. E.g., a hungword is located on the compositorial line below the one that it semantically belongs to.
Note that you must put the @place attribute on all <stage> elements that are not wrapped in <seg type="turnover"> or <seg type="turnunder">. We recommend putting the @place attribute on all page numbers (<fw type="pageNum">.
You may also use inline style to override file-wide style from your <tagsDecl> in cases where there are some elements that deviate from the typical styling of your playbook. Most of the time, CSS specificity requires you to use the @style attribute to override your own <tagsDecl> . See Style Specificity for more information on specificity in CSS.

Practice: Encode Inline Style with Pre-Formed Renditions

There are two scenarios when applying inline style:
You wish to apply styling to the entire text node of an element (e.g., an entire speech is italicized). In this scenario, add the @rendition attribute to the container element.
You wish to apply styling to a string of text that is not already the sole contents of an element’s text node (e.g., only one word in a speech is italicized). In this scenario, wrap the string that you want to add styling to in the <hi> element. Put the @rendition attribute on the <hi> element.
Example of the @rendition attribute on a container element:
<fw type="catch" rendition="rnd:italic">Bish.</fw>
In this case, the entire catchword is in italic font, so the @rendition attribute should go on the <fw> element. Putting your @rendition attribute on a container element keeps your encoding tidy.
Example of the @rendition attribute on the <hi> element:
<lb type="wln" n="148"/>Of which take you one quarter into <hi rendition="rnd:italic">France</hi>,
In this case, only one word is in italic font, so the @rendition attribute must go on the <hi> element.

Practice: Encode Stage Direction, Page Number, and Heading Placement

We use the @place attribute rather than the @rendition attribute to describe the placement of stage directions ( <stage> ), page numbers (<fw type="pageNum">), and headings (<label type="head">). The @place attribute must always go directly on the container element; it cannot go on a <hi> element. Read more about how to use our placement values in Practice: Encode Placement. For more information about how to encode the @place attribute on <stage> elements specifically, go to Rendering.
Example of the @place attribute on a <stage> element:
<stage type="business" place="plc-centre"> They drawe. </stage>

Prosopography

Isabella Seales

Isabella Seales is a fourth year undergraduate completing her Bachelor of Arts in English at the University of Victoria. She has a special interest in Renaissance and Metaphysical Literature. She is assisting Dr. Jenstad with the MoEML Mayoral Shows anthology as part of the Undergraduate Student Research Award program.

Janelle Jenstad

Janelle Jenstad is a Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of The Map of Early Modern London, and Director of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media: Old Words, New Tools (Routledge). She has edited John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Elizabethan Theatre, Early Modern Literary Studies, Shakespeare Bulletin, Renaissance and Reformation, and The Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies. She contributed chapters to Approaches to Teaching Othello (MLA); Teaching Early Modern Literature from the Archives (MLA); Institutional Culture in Early Modern England (Brill); Shakespeare, Language, and the Stage (Arden); Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate); New Directions in the Geohumanities (Routledge); Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter); Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana); Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota); Rethinking Shakespeare Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge); and Civic Performance: Pageantry and Entertainments in Early Modern London (Routledge). For more details, see janellejenstad.com.

Joey Takeda

Joey Takeda is LEMDO’s Consulting Programmer and Designer, a role he assumed in 2020 after three years as the Lead Developer on LEMDO.

Mahayla Galliford

Project manager, 2025-present; research assistant, 2021-present. Mahayla Galliford (she/her) graduated with a BA (Hons with distinction) from the University of Victoria in 2024. Mahayla’s undergraduate research explored early modern stage directions and civic water pageantry. Mahayla continues her studies through UVic’s English MA program and her SSHRC-funded thesis project focuses on editing and encoding girls’ manuscripts, specifically Lady Rachel Fane’s dramatic entertainments, in collaboration with LEMDO.

Martin Holmes

Martin Holmes has worked as a developer in the UVic’s Humanities Computing and Media Centre for over two decades, and has been involved with dozens of Digital Humanities projects. He has served on the TEI Technical Council and as Managing Editor of the Journal of the TEI. He took over from Joey Takeda as lead developer on LEMDO in 2020. He is a collaborator on the SSHRC Partnership Grant led by Janelle Jenstad.

Navarra Houldin

Training and Documentation Lead 2025–present. LEMDO project manager 2022–2025. Textual remediator 2021–present. Navarra Houldin (they/them) completed their BA with a major in history and minor in Spanish at the University of Victoria in 2022. Their primary research was on gender and sexuality in early modern Europe and Latin America. They are continuing their education through an MA program in Gender and Social Justice Studies at the University of Alberta where they will specialize in Digital Humanities.

Rylyn Christensen

Rylyn Christensen is an English major at the University of Victoria.

Sofia Spiteri

Sofia Spiteri is currently completing her Bachelor of Arts in History at the University of Victoria. During the summer of 2023, she had the opportunity to work with LEMDO as a recipient of the Valerie Kuehne Undergraduate Research Award (VKURA). Her work with LEMDO primarily includes semi-diplomatic transcriptions for The Winter’s Tale and Mucedorus.

Tracey El Hajj

Junior Programmer 2019–2020. Research Associate 2020–2021. Tracey received her PhD from the Department of English at the University of Victoria in the field of Science and Technology Studies. Her research focuses on the algorhythmics of networked communications. She was a 2019–2020 President’s Fellow in Research-Enriched Teaching at UVic, where she taught an advanced course on Artificial Intelligence and Everyday Life. Tracey was also a member of the Map of Early Modern London team, between 2018 and 2021. Between 2020 and 2021, she was a fellow in residence at the Praxis Studio for Comparative Media Studies, where she investigated the relationships between artificial intelligence, creativity, health, and justice. As of July 2021, Tracey has moved into the alt-ac world for a term position, while also teaching in the English Department at the University of Victoria.

Orgography

LEMDO Team (LEMD1)

The LEMDO Team is based at the University of Victoria and normally comprises the project director, the lead developer, project manager, junior developers(s), remediators, encoders, and remediating editors.

Metadata

Authority title Encode Inline Style Using Pre-Formed Values in Semi-Diplomatic Transcriptions
Type of text Documentation
Publisher University of Victoria on the Linked Early Modern Drama Online Platform
Series Linked Early Modern Drama Online
Source
TEI Customization created by Martin Holmes, Joey Takeda, and Janelle Jenstad; documentation written by members of the LEMDO Team
Editorial declaration n/a
Edition Released with Linked Early Modern Drama Online 1.0
Encoding description Encoded in TEI P5 according to the LEMDO Customization and Encoding Guidelines
Document status prgGenerated
Funder(s) Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
License/availability
This file is licensed under a CC BY-NC_ND 4.0 license, which means that it is freely downloadable without permission under the following conditions: (1) credit must be given to the author and LEMDO in any subsequent use of the files and/or data; (2) the content cannot be adapted or repurposed (except in quotations for the purposes of academic review and citation); and (3) commercial uses are not permitted without the knowledge and consent of the editor and LEMDO. This license allows for pedagogical use of the documentation in the classroom.