Edition: True Tragedy of Richard IIIExcerpts from Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Vol. 6
Source
Modernized excerpts of 1587 Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, Vol. 6 (Holinshed). This text takes its page numbering from The Holinshed Project.
Para1While this busy search was diligently applied and put in execution, Humphrey Banastre
(were it more for fear of life1 and loss of goods, or allured and provoked by the avaricious desire of the thousand
pounds) he bewrayed2 his guest and master to John Mitton then sheriff of Shropshire; which suddenly with
a strong power of men in harness3 apprehended the duke in a little grove adjoining to the mansion of Humphrey Banastre,
and in great haste and evil speed conveyed him appareled in a pilled4 black cloak to the town of Shrewsbury, where king Richard then kept his household.
Whether this Banastre bewrayed the duke more for fear than covetise5, many men do doubt: but sure it is, that shortly after he had betrayed the duke his master; his son and heir waxed6 mad, [and] so died in a boar’s sty; his eldest daughter of excellent beauty, was
suddenly stricken with a foul leprosy; his second son marvelously deformed of his
limbs, and made lame; his younger son in a small puddle was strangled and drowned;
and he being of extreme age, arraigned, and found guilty of a murder, and by his clergy saved7. And as for his thousand pounds, king Richard gave him not one farthing, saying that
he which would be untrue to so good a master, would be false to all other: howbeit
some say that he had a small office or a farm to stop his mouth8 withal. The duke being by certain of the king’s counsel diligently upon interrogatories
examined, what things he knew prejudicial unto the king’s person, opened and declared
frankly and freely all the conjuration9, without dissembling or glossing; trusting, because he had truly and plainly revealed
and confessed all things that were of him required, that he should have license to
speak to the king: which (whether it were to sue for pardon and grace, or whether
he being brought to his presence, would have sticked him with a dagger as men then
judged) he sore desired and required. But when he had confessed the whole fact and conspiracy, upon All Soul’s Day10, without arraignment or
judgment, he was at Salisbury in the open market place, on a new scaffold beheaded
and put to death.
Para2This death (as a reward) the duke of Buckingham received at the hands of king Richard,
whom he before in his affairs, purposes and enterprises had holpen11, sustained, and set forward, above all God’s forebode. By this all men may easily
perceive, that he not only loseth both his labor, travel, and industry (and further
staineth and spotteth his line with a perpetual ignominy and reproach) which in evil
and mischief assisteth and aideth an evil disposed person, considering. for the most
part, that he for his friendly favor should receive some great displeasure or importunate
chance.
Para3Wherefore in all speedy manner they galloped toward him, and him reverently saluted.
Which meeting after great joy and solace, and no small thanks given and rendered on
both parts, they advisedly debated and communed of their great business and weighty
enterprise. In the which season the feast of the Nativity of our savior Christ happened, on which
day all the English lords went with their solemnity to the chief church of the city,
and there each gave faith and promise to other the earl himself first took a corporal oath12 on his honor, promising that incontinent13 after he should be possessed of the crown and dignity of the realm of England, he
would be conjoined in matrimony with the lady Elizabeth, daughter to king Edward the
Fourth. Then all the company swore to him fealty, and did to him homage (as though he had
been that time the crowned king, and anointed prince) promising faithfully, and firmly
affirming, that they would not only lose their worldly substance; but also be deprived
of their lives and worldly felicity14, rather than to suffer king Richard that tyrant longer to rule and reign over them.
Para4Which solemn oaths made and taken, the earl of Richmond declared and communicated
all these doings to Francis duke of Brittany, desiring and most heartily requiring
him to aid him with a greater army to conduct him into his country, which so sore
longed and looked for his return, and to the which he was by the more part of the
nobility and communality called and desired.
Para5In this troublous season, nothing was more marveled at, than that the lord Stanley
had not been taken15, and reputed as an enemy to the king; considering the working of the lady Margaret
his wife, mother to the earl of Richmond. But for so much as the enterprise of a woman
was of him reputed of no regard or estimation; and that the lord Thomas her husband
had purged himself sufficiently to be innocent of all doings and attempts by her perpetrated
and committed; it was given him in charge to keep her in some secret place at home,
without having any servant or company: so that from thence forth she should never
send letter or messenger unto her son, nor any of his friends or confederates, by
the which the king might be molested16 or troubled, or any hurt or prejudice might be attempted against his realm and communality.
Which commandment was a while put in execution and accomplished, according to his
dreadful commandment.
Para6Yet the wild worm of vengeance wavering in his head, could not be content with the
death of diverse gentlemen suspected of treason; but also he must extend his bloody
fury against a poor gentleman called Collingbourne17, for making a small rhyme of three of his unfortunate councilors, which were the
lord Lovell, Sir Richard Ratcliffe, his mischievous minion, and Sir William Catesby
his secret seducer, which meter or rhyme was thus framed:
The Cat, the Rat, and Lovell our dog,
Rule all England under an hog.
Para7Meaning by the hog, the dreadful wild boar, which was the king’s cognizance18, but because the first line ended in dog, the metrician19 could not (observing the regiments of meter) end the second verse in boar, but called
the boar an hog. This poetical schoolmaster, corrector of briefs and longs20, caused Collingbourne to be abbreviated shorter by the head, and to be divided into four quarters21.
Para8The messengers, being men both of wit and gravity22, so persuaded the queen with great and pregnant23 reasons, and what with fair and large promises, that she began somewhat to relent,
and to give to them no deaf ear; insomuch that she faithfully promised to submit and
yield herself fully and frankly to the king’s will and pleasure. And so she, putting in oblivion24 the murder of her innocent children, the infamy and dishonor spoken by the king her
husband, the living in adultery laid to her charge, the bastarding of her daughters;
forgetting also the faithful promise and open oath made to the countess of Richmond,
mother to the earl Henry, blinded by avaricious affection, and seduced by flattering
words, first delivered into king Richard’s hands her five daughters, as lambs once
again committed to the custody of the ravenous wolf.
Para9Within few days after the queen25 departed out of this transitory life, and was with due solemnity buried in the church
of St. Peter at Westminster. This is the same Anne, one of the daughters of the earl
of Warwick, which (as you have heard before) at the request of Louis, the French king,
was married to prince Edward, son to king Henry the Sixth. The king thus (according
to his long desire) loosed out of the bonds of matrimony, began to cast a foolish
fantasy to lady Elizabeth his niece, making much suit to have her aligned with him
in lawful matrimony.
Para10But because all men and the maiden herself most of all detested and abhorred this unlawful, and
in manner unnatural copulation; he determined to prolong and defer the matter, till he were in a more quietness.
For all that very season he was oppressed with great, weighty, and urgent causes,
and businesses on every side; considering that daily, part of the nobility sailed
into France to the earl of Richmond: other privily26 favored and aided certain of the conjuration, so that of his short end few or none
were in doubt. And the common people (for the most part) were brought to such desperation,
that many of them had rather be reputed27 and taken of him in the number of his enemies, than to abide the chance and hazard
to have their goods taken as a spoil of victory, by his enemies. In such hatred they
had the wretch, wishing his heart in their hands with the hazard of their heads. For
how can people say well or think well of tyrants, whose property it is to tear them
in pieces with their claws, like a wolf let loose among a fold28 of sheep?
Para11There also came Sir William Stanley accompanied with a few persons. And after that the earl and he had communed no long time
together; he reverted29 to his soldiers whom he had assembled together to serve the earl: which from thence
departed to Lichfield30, and lay without the walls in his camp all the night. The next morning be entered into the town, and was with all honor like a prince
received. A day or two before, the lord Stanley, having in his band31 almost five thousand men, lodged in the same town. But hearing that the earl of Richmond
was marching thitherward, gave to him place, dislodging him and his, and repaired
to a town called Atherstone32, there abiding the coming of the earl. And this wily fox did this act, to avoid all
suspicion on king Richard’s part.
Para12For the lord Stanley was afraid, least if he should seem openly to be a fautor33 or aider to the earl his son in law, before the day of the battle, that king Richard,
which yet utterly did not put in him diffidence and mistrust, would put to some cruel
death his son and
heir-apparent George lord Strange, whom king Richard (as you have heard before) kept
with him as a pledge or hostage, to the intent that the lord Stanley his father should
attempt nothing prejudicial to him. King Richard at this season keeping his house in the castle of Nottingham34, was informed that the earl of Richmond, with such banished men as were fled out
of England to him, were now arrived in Wales, and that all things necessary to his
enterprise were unprovided, unpurveyed35, and very weak, nothing meet to withstand the power of such as the king had appointed
to meet him.
Para13These cheerful words he set forth with such gesture of his body, and smiling countenance
as though already he had vanquished his enemies, and gotten the spoil. He had scantly36 finished his saying, but the one army spied the other. Lord how hastily the soldiers
buckled their helms, how quickly the archers bent their bows and frushed37 their feathers38, how readily the billmen39 shook their bills, and proved40 their staves, ready to approach and join, when the terrible trumpet should sound
the bloody blast to victory or death! Between both armies there was a great marsh
then (but at this present, by reason of ditches cast41, it is grown to be firm ground) which the earl of Richmond left on his right hand;
for this intent, that it should be on that side a defense for his part, and in so
doing he had the sun at his back, and in the faces of his enemies. When king Richard saw the earl’s company was past the marsh; he did command with all
haste to set upon them. Then the trumpets sounded, and the soldiers shouted, and the
king’s archers courageously let fly their arrows. The earl’s bowmen stood not still,
but paid them home again.
Para14The terrible shot once passed, the armies joined and came to hand strokes, where neither
sword nor bill was spared. At which encounter, the lord Stanley joined with the earl.
The earl of Oxford in the mean season42, fearing lest while his company was fighting, they should be compassed43 and circumvented with the multitude of the enemies, gave commandment in every rank,
that no man should be so hardy, as to go above ten foot from the standard. Which commandment
once known, they knit themselves together, and ceased a little from fighting. The
adversaries suddenly abashed at the matter, and mistrusting some fraud and deceit,
began also to pause and left striking; and not against the wills of many, which had
rather had the king destroyed, than saved, and therefore they fought very faintly,
or stood still.
Para15The earl of Oxford, bringing all his band together on the one part, set on his enemies
freshly again. The adversaries perceiving that, placed their men slender and thin44 before, but thick and broad behind, beginning again hardily the battle. While the two forewards45 thus mortally fought, each intending to vanquish and convince the other; king Richard
was admonished by his explorators46 and espials47, that the earl of Richmond (accompanied with a small number of men of arms) was not
far off. And as he approached and marched toward him, he perfectly knew his personage
by certain demonstrations and tokens, which he had learned and known of others that
were able to give him full information. Now being inflamed with ire, and vexed with
outrageous malice, he put his spurs to his horse, and rode out of the side of the
range of his battle, leaving the vanguard48 fighting; and like a hungry lion ran with spear in rest toward him. The earl of Richmond
perceived well the king furiously coming toward him, and because the whole hope of
his wealth and purpose was to be determined by battle, he gladly proffered to encounter
with him body to body, and man to man.
Para16King Richard set on so sharply at the first brunt49, that he overthrew the earl’s standard, and slew Sir William Brandon his standard
bearer (which was father to Sir Charles Brandon, by king Henry the Eighth created
duke of Suffolk) and matched hand to hand with Sir John Cheney, a man of great force
and strength, which would have resisted him: but the said John was by him manfully
overthrown. And so he making open passage by dint of sword as he went forward, the earl of Richmond
withstood his violence, and kept him at the sword’s point without advantage, longer
than his companions either thought or judged: which being almost in despair of victory,
were suddenly recomforted50 by Sir William Stanley, which came to his succors51 with three thousand tall men. At which very instant, king Richard’s men were driven
back and fled, and he himself manfully fighting in the middle of his enemies, was
slain, and (as he worthily had deserved) came to a bloody death, as he had led a bloody
life.
Para17In the mean season, the earl of Oxford with the aid of the lord Stanley, after no
long fight, discomfited52 the foreward of king Richard, whereof a great number were slain in the chase and
fight: but the greatest number which (compelled by fear of the king, and not of their
mere voluntary motion) came to the field, gave never a stroke, and having no harm
nor damage, safely departed, which came not thither in hope to see the king prosper
and prevail, but to hear that he should be shamefully confounded and brought to ruin.
In this battle died few above the number of a thousand persons: and of the nobility were slain John duke of Norfolk, which was warned by divers to refrain
from the field, in so much that the night before he should set forward toward the
king, one wrote this rhyme upon his gate:
Jack of Norfolk be not too bold,
For Dickon thy master is bought and sold.
Para18Yet all this notwithstanding, he regarded more his oath, his honor, and promise made
to king Richard, like a gentleman; and as a faithful subject to his prince, absented
not himself from his master; but as he faithfully lived under him, so he manfully
died with him, to his great fame and laud. And therefore, though his service was ill-employed
in aid of a tyrant (whom it had been more honorable to have suppressed than supported)
yet because he had upon his fealty undertaken to fight in his quarrel, he thought
it less loss of life and living than of glory and honor: so that he might have said,
in respect of his loyalty and promised truth testified with constancy to the death
that before us be our enemies; and on either side of us be such, as I neither surely
trust, nor greatly believe; backward we cannot flee; so that here we stand like sheep
in a fold, circumvented and compassed between our enemies and our doubtful friends.
Para19There were slain beside him, Walter lord Ferrers of Chartley, Sir Richard Ratcliffe,
and Robert Brakenbury, lieutenant of the Tower, and not many gentlemen more. Sir William
Catesby, learned in the laws of the realm, and one of the chief counselors to the
late king, with divers other, were two days after beheaded at Leicester. Amongst them that ran away, were Sir Francis, viscount Lovell, and Humphrey Stafford, and Thomas Stafford his
brother, which took sanctuary in Saint John’s at Gloucester. Of captives and prisoners there were a great number. For after the death of king
Richard was known and published, every man in manner unarming himself, and casting
away his habiliments53 of war, meekly submitted themselves to the obeisance54 and rule of the earl of Richmond: of the which the more part had gladly so done in
the beginning, if they might have conveniently escaped from king Richard’s espials,
which having as clear eyes as lynx55, and open ears as Midas56, ranged and searched in every quarter.
Para20King Richard (as the fame went) might have escaped and gotten safeguard by fleeing.
For when they, which were next about his person, saw and perceived at the first joining
of the battle the soldiers faintly and nothing courageously to set on their enemies;
and not only that, but also that some withdrew themselves privily out of the press
and departed; they began to suspect fraud and to smell treason; and not only exhorted,
but determinately advised him to save himself by flight. And when the loss of the battle was imminent and apparent, they brought to him a swift
and a light horse, to convey him away. He which was not ignorant of the grudge and
ill-will that the common people bore toward him, casting away all hope of fortunate
success and happy chance to come, answered (as men say) that on that day he would
make an end of all battles, or else there finish his life. Such a great audacity and
such a stomach reigned in his body.
Para21For surely, he knew that to be the day, in the which it should be decided and determined
whether he should peaceably obtain and enjoy his kingdom during his life, or else
utterly forgo and be deprived of the same. With which too much hardiness he being overcome, hastily closed his helmet, and entered
fiercely into the hard battle, to the intent to obtain that day a quiet reign and
regiment; or else to finish there his unquiet life, and unfortunate governance. And
so, this miser57 at the same very point had like chance and fortune, as happeneth to such which in
place of right justice and honesty, following their sensual appetite, love, and use
to embrace mischief, tyranny, and unthriftiness58. Surely these be examples of more vehemency, than man’s tongue can express, to fear
and astonish such evil persons, as will not live one hour vacant from doing and exercising
cruelty, mischief, or outrageous living.
Para22When the earl had thus obtained victory, and slain his mortal enemy, he kneeled down
and rendered to almighty God his hearty thanks, with devout and godly orisons; beseeching
his goodness to send him grace to advance and defend the catholic faith and to maintain
justice and concord amongst his subjects and people, by God now to his governance
committed [and] assigned. Which prayer finished, he replenished with incomparable
gladness ascended up to the top of a little mountain, where he not only praised and
lauded his valiant soldiers; but also gave unto them his hearty thanks, with promise
of condign59 recompense for their fidelity and valiant facts60, willing and commanding all the hurt and wounded persons to be cured, and the dead
carcasses to be delivered to the sepulture61. Then the people rejoiced, and clapped their hands, crying up to heaven; King Henry,
King Henry!
Para23When the lord Stanley saw the goodwill and gladness of the people, he took the crown
of king Richard which was found amongst the spoil in the field, and set it on the
earl’s head; as though he had been elected king by the voice of the people, as in
ancient times past in divers realms it hath been accustomed: and this was the first
sign and token of his good luck and felicity, I must put you here in remembrance, how that king Richard (putting some diffidence62 in the lord Stanley) had with him as an hostage the lord Strange, his eldest son,
which lord
Stanley (as ye have heard before) joined not at the first with his son-in-law’s army,
for fear the king would have slain the lord Strange his heir.
Para24When king Richard was come to Bosworth, he sent a pursuivant63 to the lord Stanley, commanding him to advance forward with his company, and to come
to his presence; which thing if he refused to do, he swore by Christ’s passion, that
he would strike off his son’s head before he dined. The lord Stanley answered the
pursuivant that if the king did so, he had more sons alive; and as to come to him,
he was not then so determined. When king Richard heard this answer, he commanded the
lord Strange incontinent to be beheaded; which was at that very same season, when
both the armies had sight each of other. But the counselors of king Richard pondered
the time and cause, knowing also the lord Strange to be innocent of his father’s offense,
and persuaded the king that it was now time to fight, and no time to execute.
Para25Besides that, they advised him to keep the lord Strange as prisoner till the battle
were ended, and then at leisure his pleasure might be accomplished. So (as God would)
king Richard break64 his holy oath, and the lord was delivered to the keepers of the king’s tents, to
be kept as prisoner. Which, when the field was done, and their master slain, and proclamation
made to know where the child was, they submitted themselves as prisoners to the lord
Strange, and he gently received them, and brought them to the new proclaimed king,
where, of him and of his father he was received with great joy. After this the whole
camp removed with bag and baggage.
Para26The same night in the evening, king Henry with great pomp came to the town of Leicester;
where as well for the refreshing of his people and soldiers, as for preparing all
things necessary for his journey toward London, he rested and reposed himself two
days. In the mean season the dead corpse of king Richard was as shamefully carried to the town of Leicester,
as he gorgeously (the day before) with pomp and pride departed out of the same town.
For his body was naked and despoiled to the skin, and nothing left about him, not
so much as a clout to cover his privy members, and was trussed behind a pursuivant
of arms, one blanch-sanglier, or white boar, like a hog or calf, his head and arms hanging on the one side of
the horse, and his legs on the other side, and all besprinkled65 with mire and blood he was brought to the Greyfriars church within the town, and
there lay like a miserable spectacle.
Para27But surely considering his mischievous acts and ungracious doings, men may wonder
at such a caitiff66, who although he deserved no burial place either in church or churchyard, chapel
or chancel, but otherwise to have been bestowed: yet in the said church he was with
no less funeral pomp and solemnity interred, than he would to be done at the burial
of his innocent nephews, whom he caused cruelly to be murdered, and unnaturally killed.
Notes
1.In terror for his own safety.↑
3.Armor.↑
4.Meager, miserable.↑
6.Increasingly became.↑
7.Was spared by proving his literacy. An accused offender who was able to prove their
literacy by reading from the Bible could avoid the full weight of the law.↑
8.Prevent him from speaking the truth.↑
10.November 2.↑
11.Aided, helped.↑
12.An oath sworn by placing the physical hand on a sacred object, such as a Bible (OED
corporal, n.3 5.a).↑
13.↑
14.Happiness.↑
15.Arrested, detained.↑
16.Vexed, harassed.↑
17.William Collingbourne, a London administrator, nailed his offending verse to the door
of St. Paul’s, and for his trouble was hanged and drawn on December 1, 1484. While
the chronicles focus on this verse as his primary crime, Collingbourne was a vocal
advocate for Henry Tudor’s claim to the throne.↑
20.Bureaucrat. Collingbourne was an administrator, who served as sheriff and Commissioner
of Peace in Wiltshire, with no evidence that he was actually a schoolmaster beyond
chronicle reference to his verse.↑
21.A common final punishment for traitors, often with the intention of displaying the
pieces in multiple locations.↑
23.Meaningful, significant.↑
24.Forgetting, ignoring.↑
25.Anne Neville, queen to Richard III.↑
26.Secretly, stealthily.↑
28.Pen, enclosure.↑
29.Returned.↑
30.A cathedral city in Staffordshire.↑
32.A small market town in north Warwickshire.↑
34.Richard used Nottingham castle as a centrally-located base prior to departing for
Leicester.↑
38.Additions to the base of an arrow to aid in flight.↑
40.Tested.↑
43.Surrounded.↑
44.Sparingly.↑
47.Reconnaissance.↑
48.Leading group of soldiers.↑
55.An animal noted for its keenness of sight.↑
56.King Midas was said to have disagreed with the outcome in a musical contest between
Pan and Apollo, and as a result was endowed the large ears of an ass. Midas-eared
has since become a phrase to describe someone with the incapacity to appreciate something
(OED
Midas, n. 1.1.a).↑
60.Deeds, actions.↑
61.Burial ground, place of interment.↑
62.Mistrust, misgivings.↑
64.Broke.↑
65.Spattered.↑
Prosopography
Anonymous
Helen Ostovich
Helen Ostovich, professor emerita of English at McMaster University, is the founder
and general editor of Queen’s Men Editions. She is a general editor of The Revels Plays (Manchester University Press); Series
Editor of Studies in Performance and Early Modern Drama (Ashgate, now Routledge),
and series co-editor of Late Tudor and Stuart Drama (MIP); play-editor of several
works by Ben Jonson, in Four Comedies: Ben Jonson (1997); Every Man Out of his Humour (Revels 2001); and The Magnetic Lady (Cambridge 2012). She has also edited the Norton Shakespeare 3 The Merry Wives of Windsor Q1602 and F1623 (2015); The Late Lancashire Witches and A Jovial Crew for Richard Brome Online, revised for a 4-volume set from OUP 2021; The Ball, for the Oxford Complete Works of James Shirley (2021); The Merry Wives of Windsor for Internet Shakespeare Editions, and The Dutch Courtesan (with Erin Julian) for the Complete Works of John Marston, OUP 2022. She has published
many articles and book chapters on Jonson, Shakespeare, and others, and several book
collections, most recently Magical Transformations of the Early Modern English Stage with Lisa Hopkins (2014), and the equivalent to book website, Performance as Research in Early English Theatre Studies: The Three Ladies of London in Context containing scripts, glossary, almost fifty conference papers edited and updated to
essays; video; link to Queen’s Mens Ediitons and YouTube: http://threeladiesoflondon.mcmaster.ca/contexts/index.htm, 2015. Recently, she was guest editor of Strangers and Aliens in London ca 1605,
Special Issue on Marston, Early Theatre 23.1 (June 2020). She can be contacted at ostovich@mcmaster.ca.
Janelle Jenstad
Janelle Jenstad is a Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director
of The Map of Early Modern London, and Director of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Beatrice Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media: Old Words, New Tools (Routledge). She has edited John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Elizabethan Theatre, Early Modern Literary Studies, Shakespeare Bulletin, Renaissance and Reformation, and The Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies. She contributed chapters to Approaches to Teaching Othello (MLA); Teaching Early Modern Literature from the Archives (MLA); Institutional Culture in Early Modern England (Brill); Shakespeare, Language, and the Stage (Arden); Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate); New Directions in the Geohumanities (Routledge); Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter); Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana); Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota); Rethinking Shakespeare Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge); and Civic Performance: Pageantry and Entertainments in Early Modern London (Routledge). For more details, see janellejenstad.com.
Jennifer Parr
Jennifer Parr holds a Masters degree in European and Renaissance Drama from the University
of Warwick. She is an independent scholar and professional director and dramaturge
based in Toronto. As an undergraduate at the University of Toronto she became involved
as an actor with the P.L.S. Medieval and Renaissance Players’ productions of the Medieval
Mystery Cycles returning later to direct an all female company in the York Cycle Fall
of the Angels for the international full cycle production in 1998. Her recent productions
as director and dramaturge include an all female Julius Caesar and an experimental all female adaptation of Richard III: RIchard 3, Queens 4. Her ongoing research into the historical Richard III and the various theatrical
interpretations led to her joining the company of TTR3 as an observer and historical
resource for the cast. She also writes a monthly column on music theatre and dance
for The WholeNote magazine.
Jennifer Roberts-Smith
Jennifer Roberts-Smith is an associate professor of theatre and performance at the
University of Waterloo. Her interdisciplinary work in early modern performance editing
combines textual scholarship, performance as research, archival theatre history, and
design in the development of live and virtual renderings of early modern performance
texts, venues, and practices. With Janelle Jenstad and Mark Beatrice Kaethler, she
is co-editor of Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media: Old Words New Tools (2018). Her most recent work has focused on methods for design research that deepen
interdisciplinary understanding and take a relational approach. She is currently managing
director of the qCollaborative (the critical feminist design research lab housed in the University of Waterloo’s Games Institute, and leads the SSHRC-funded Theatre for Relationality and Design for Peace projects.
She is also creative director and virtual reality development cluster lead for the
Digital Oral Histories for Reconciliation (DOHR) project. She can be contacted at
jennifer.roberts-smith@uwaterloo.ca.
Joey Takeda
Joey Takeda is LEMDO’s Consulting Programmer and Designer, a role he assumed in 2020
after three years as the Lead Developer on LEMDO.
Kate LeBere
Project Manager, 2020–2021. Assistant Project Manager, 2019–2020. Textual Remediator
and Encoder, 2019–2021. Kate LeBere completed her BA (Hons.) in History and English
at the University of Victoria in 2020. During her degree she published papers in The Corvette (2018), The Albatross (2019), and PLVS VLTRA (2020) and presented at the English Undergraduate Conference (2019), Qualicum History
Conference (2020), and the Digital Humanities Summer Institute’s Project Management
in the Humanities Conference (2021). While her primary research focus was sixteenth
and seventeenth century England, she completed her honours thesis on Soviet ballet
during the Russian Cultural Revolution. She is currently a student at the University
of British Columbia’s iSchool, working on her masters in library and information science.
Mahayla Galliford
Project manager, 2025-present; research assistant, 2021-present. Mahayla Galliford
(she/her) graduated with a BA (Hons with distinction) from the University of Victoria
in 2024. Mahayla’s undergraduate research explored early modern stage directions and
civic water pageantry. Mahayla continues her studies through UVic’s English MA program
and her SSHRC-funded thesis project focuses on editing and encoding girls’ manuscripts,
specifically Lady Rachel Fane’s dramatic entertainments, in collaboration with LEMDO.
Martin Holmes
Martin Holmes has worked as a developer in the UVic’s Humanities Computing and Media
Centre for over two decades, and has been involved with dozens of Digital Humanities
projects. He has served on the TEI Technical Council and as Managing Editor of the
Journal of the TEI. He took over from Joey Takeda as lead developer on LEMDO in 2020.
He is a collaborator on the SSHRC Partnership Grant led by Janelle Jenstad.
Nicole Vatcher
Technical Documentation Writer, 2020–2022. Nicole Vatcher completed her BA (Hons.)
in English at the University of Victoria in 2021. Her primary research focus was women’s
writing in the modernist period.
Peter Cockett
Peter Cockett is an associate professor in the Theatre and Film Studies at McMaster
University. He is the general editor (performance), and technical co-ordinating editor
of Queen’s Men Editions. He was the stage director for the Shakespeare and the Queen’s Men project (SQM),
directing King Leir, The Famous Victories of Henry V, and Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay (2006) and he is the performance editor for our editions of those plays. The process
behind those productions is documented in depth on his website Performing the Queen’s Men. Also featured on this site are his PAR productions of Clyomon and Clamydes (2009) and Three Ladies of London (2014). For the PLS, the University of Toronto’s Medieval and Renaissance Players,
he has directed the Digby Mary Magdalene (2003) and the double bill of George Peele’s The Old Wives Tale and the Chester Antichrist (2004). He also directed An Experiment in Elizabethan Comedy (2005) for the SQM project and Inside Out: The Persistence of Allegory (2008) in collaboration with Alan Dessen. Peter is a professional actor and director
with numerous stage and screen credits. He can be contacted at cockett@mcmaster.ca.
Raphael Holinshed
Sam Seaberg
Samuel Seaberg, a University of Victoria English undergrad, enjoys riding his bike.
During the summer of 2025, he began working with LEMDO as a recipient of the Valerie
Kuehne Undergraduate Research Award (VKURA). Unfortunately, due to his summer being
spent primarily in working to establish an edition of Thomas Heywood’s If You Know Not Me, You Know Nobody, Part 2 and consequently working out how to represent multi-text works in a digital space,
his bike has suffered severely of sheltered seclusion from the sun.
Toby Malone
Toby Malone is an Australian/Canadian academic, dramaturg, and librarian. He is a
graduate of the University of Toronto (PhD, 2009) and the University of Western Australia
(BA Hons, 2001), and the University of Western Ontario (MLIS, 2023). He has worked
as a theatre artist across the world, with companies including the Stratford Festival,
Canadian Stage, Soulpepper, Driftwood Theatre Group, the Shaw Festival, Poorboy Theatre
Scotland, Pittsburgh Public Theatre, Arizona Theatre Company, CBC, BT/A, and Kill
Shakespeare Entertainment. He has published in Shakespeare Survey, Literature/Film Quarterly, Canadian Theatre Review, Borrowers and Lenders, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature, appears in published collections with Routledge, Cambridge, and Oxford. Publications
include two monographs: dapting War Horse (Palgrave McMillan) and Cutting Plays for Performance: A Practical and Accessible Guide (Routledge), and is currently co-writing an updated version of Shakespeare in Performance: Romeo and Juliet with Jill L. Levenson for Manchester UP. Toby has previously taught at the University
of Waterloo and the State University of New York at Oswego, is currently Research
Impact Librarian at Toronto Metropolitan University.
Tracey El Hajj
Junior Programmer 2019–2020. Research Associate 2020–2021. Tracey received her PhD
from the Department of English at the University of Victoria in the field of Science
and Technology Studies. Her research focuses on the algorhythmics of networked communications. She was a 2019–2020 President’s Fellow in Research-Enriched
Teaching at UVic, where she taught an advanced course on
Artificial Intelligence and Everyday Life.Tracey was also a member of the Map of Early Modern London team, between 2018 and 2021. Between 2020 and 2021, she was a fellow in residence at the Praxis Studio for Comparative Media Studies, where she investigated the relationships between artificial intelligence, creativity, health, and justice. As of July 2021, Tracey has moved into the alt-ac world for a term position, while also teaching in the English Department at the University of Victoria.
Bibliography
Holinshed, Raphael. Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Vol. 6. London: printed by Henry Denham, 1587. STC 13569.
OED: The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Orgography
LEMDO Team (LEMD1)
The LEMDO Team is based at the University of Victoria and normally comprises the project
director, the lead developer, project manager, junior developers(s), remediators,
encoders, and remediating editors.
Queen’s Men Editions (QME1)
The Queen’s Men Editions anthology is led by Helen Ostovich, General Editor; Peter
Cockett, General Editor (Performance); and Andrew Griffin, General Editor (Text).
University of Victoria (UVIC1)
https://www.uvic.ca/Metadata
| Authority title | Excerpts from Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Vol. 6 |
| Type of text | Primary Source |
| Publisher | University of Victoria on the Linked Early Modern Drama Online Platform |
| Series | |
| Source |
This file has been converted from IML, the SGML markup language of the Internet Shakespeare
Editions platform. IML files do not indicate the copy or copytext transcribed. LEMDO
acknowledges that we are not the main source of transcription, and that we do not
know the witness transcribed in this transcription. As time permits, we will compare
this transcription to an open-access digital surrogate and align the transcription
that surrogate. If you have worked on ISE and/or may have an idea as to the source
of this file, please contact lemdo@uvic.ca.
|
| Editorial declaration | Prepared by Toby Malone for the Queen’s Men Editions. |
| Edition | Released with LEMDO Classroom 0.3.5 |
| Sponsor(s) |
Queen’s Men EditionsThe Queen’s Men Editions anthology is led by Helen Ostovich, General Editor; Peter
Cockett, General Editor (Performance); and Andrew Griffin, General Editor (Text).
|
| Encoding description | |
| Document status | published |
| License/availability |
Intellectual copyright in this edition is held by the editor, Toby Malone. The critical paratexts, including this
Annotation,are licensed under a CC BY-NC_ND 4.0 license, which means that they are freely downloadable without permission under the following conditions: (1) credit must be given to the editor, QME, and LEMDO in any subsequent use of the files and/or data; (2) the content cannot be adapted or repurposed (except for quotations for the purposes of academic review and citation); and (3) commercial uses are not permitted without the knowledge and consent of QME, the editor, and LEMDO. This license allows for pedagogical use of the critical paratexts in the classroom. Production photographs and videos on this site may not be downloaded. They appear
freely on this site with the permission of the actors and the ACTRA union. They may
be used within the context of university courses, within the classroom, and for reference
within research contexts, including conferences, when credit is given to the producing
company and to the actors. Commercial use of videos and photographs is forbidden.
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