LEMDO Classroom: Galathea Annotations

Galathea Annotations

after

one

Smyrna

other

Ios

other

favor

wonted

accustomed

the actors

breath

being allowed by your judgment to perform this play

latter

being protected by your favor

wink

shut the eyes

curious

careful

lawn

fine linen

Minerva

a statue of Athene, goddess of wisdom

syllable

neither in spectacle nor dialogue

groweth

is found

plain

open

floods

waters

attend

listen

right

rightly so

traffic

commerce

merchandise

engage in trade

copy

her character

as did

earth

right down to the ground

skies

having previously reached nearly to the sky

earth

Aeolus, god of the winds and servant to Neptune

sith

since

husbandmen

farmers

corn

grain

throw

shed

quills

i.e. in the nests where young birds grow feathers

froth

sea foam

weeds

seaweed

for

instead of

monstrous

unnatural

mermaids

The quarto spelling of maremaides preserves the rhyme with fair maids later in the line (Scragg), and emphasizes the nightmare-ish qualities of Tityrus’ tale.

fair

exceedingly beautiful

would

wish

wroth

wrath

wary

reluctant

day

on a fixed day every five years

integrity

whom neither honorable family name nor personal virtue shall exempt from candidacy

that

I don’t know whether I agree with that

Neptune

against

in anticipation of

cattle

livestock

bound

tied up

bound

obligated

him

the Agar

honor

chastity

constellation

star-crossed destiny

vexing

vexatious

drawn

dragged

all

above all other young women

that

light

alight

fear

frighten

virtue

virtue has given me

virtue

virtue must give me

Suffer

Allow

born

since all mortals must eventually die

since life is meaningless without honor

fortunate

you are fortunate in having a father to find out and anticipate those perils for you

beasts

as, for example, Zeus or Jupiter taking the guise of a swan to win Leda, as a bull to run off with Europa, etc.

Diana

goddess of the hunt and of chastity, often emblematic of Queen Elizabeth

stray

lose my way

though

even though

train

retinue

train

lead astray

hearts

makes hearts to have

The beginning of the wordplay on hart (deer) and heart (organ).

ears

in order to keep jealous watch and listen for every threatening sound

bow

hunter’s bow

hart

deer

bow

Cupid’s bow

Diana

goddess of chastity and the hunt

her

Diana’s

kind

in their inherently chaste natures

kind

too amorously inclined

practice

devise schemes

both

we both know

have

because of the consequent danger of your being chosen for the sacrifice

affection

i.e. disfigure my appearance through grief

suffering

allowing

desire

i.e. a foolish desire to avoid wearing male attire

become

suit

becometh

is suitable to my sex

hose

trousers

coat

doublet

pleased

satiated

fished up out of the sea

rafter

raft

haled

tossed about

marvel

wonder

master

the ship captain

speeds

fares

wetshod

i.e. drowned, as opposed to dryshod, with dry boots

want

lack

land

i.e. seek opportunities for robbing or begging

speed

succeed

not

cannot stomach

teeth

i.e. sharpen the teeth when they’ve been worn dull by chewing on hard-tack

powdered

salted as a preservative

pinned

penned, confined

bottomless

i.e. with only the thin ship’s hull separating you from the bottomless sea

reason

a rational creature

lie

dwell

upwards

i.e. totally deficient in wisdom

sun

i.e. keep track of the heavenly bodies that control the tides

card

compass card, divided into 32 points, as the Mariner demonstrates in the following speeches

pair

i.e. a whole pack of cards

loadstone

magnetic needle

his

its

cards

compass cards; playing cards

cozenage

cheating

masters

i.e. we are unemployed

fain

gladly

points

i.e. good features; also, tags to fasten our garments together

clout

sail

card

compass card

points

tags to fasten my clothes; also the instructions I need to succeed by cheating

East

These are 8 points of the compass, in order clockwise, from North to East

ill

Very poorly done

living

livelihood; also, lifetime

cozening

cheating

made

made into

twelvemonth

on this day a year from now

not

It doesn’t matter

provided that

Omnes … feather.

This song is omitted from the 1592 edition of Gallathea, as are the others in this play. Blount includes all the songs mentioned in the play except one in the 1632 edition. The omission from the early edition is typical of the songs in Lyly’s plays (Scragg 54n87-105).

Omnes

All

drunk

drunkenly

healths

i.e. drinking down waves

slaves

i.e. sea and wind

Milk

Extort money from

blind

hidden

brave

excellent

manned

provided with companions

Stand!

i.e. Hands up!

pursing

stealing purses

sail!

i.e. Down you go from the ladder with a noose over your head, like a sail that is let fall

feather

i.e. We’re destined to hang and dance at a rope’s end, like a feather in the wind

alone

still in man’s attire

habit

shape your inner feelings to conform to your male appearance and apparel

immodest

behave in a way that seems immodest in a young woman

i.e. had really made me a youth

not

i.e. a young woman

fond

infatuated

jealous

apprehensive

whist

silence

myself

i.e. act the part of a youth

gate

manner of walking

untoward

clumsy

unfit

inappropriate and ill-fitting

one

stands a young man

person

not really a youth

color

pretext

salute

greet

leg

a male bow

habit

garments

pastime

have some sport

second

inferior

face

causing me to blush

Are you a maid?

Are you a virgin — a question that Galatea would interpret as “Of what sex are you?” (JJ questions this DB’s reading here.)

train

handsome retinue

spill

interrupt

fair

handsome

deer

This is the beginning of the auditory pun on dear/deer in this scene. Recent editors have modernized the spelling and selected the spelling of dear that best suits the sense of the sentence in their interpretation (Lancashire, Hunter, Scragg). However, in both the 1592 and 1632 editions of Gallathea, the word is spelled Deare.

wind

ran downwind so that its scent would not be detected by the hunters and their dogs

him

headed the deer back in the direction from which it came

dear

with a familiar pun on dear/deer

pastime

interrupt her hunting

tell

count

agreed

in accord in hesitating to admit they are boys

pleasant

jocular

woods

beat the bushes with tusks to rouse the game

mouths

bay like hunting dogs; talk volubly

nothing

nothing else

deer

rouse the deer from cover by shouting

favor

approval, favorable regard

even if

silly

frail

brands

torches

staid

unmovable

sex

in falling in love with a person of their own sex

truant

play the truant

mother

Venus

away

excuse my truancy in being absent from my mother Venus

spend

I will have spent in vain

shifts

stratagems

ladies

i.e. ladies in the audience

silly

simple

using

wearing

god

i.e. on Cupid’s own person

love

as when Neptune took the shape of a horse to make love to Ceres and a ram to seduce Theophane

not

do not scruple

overreached

tricked

swains

farmers

craft

i.e. by Cupid’s disguising himself as a young woman

wooden

inferior; sylvan

skreeking

shrieking or screeching

hags

evil spirits that prowl by night

boy

black with soot and smoke

spirits

stirring of distilled substances

crosslets

crucibles

fermentation

These terms describe the heating and fusing of substances until they are vaporized, then reduced to powder and reheated until red hot, combined with other substances, stirred until white, fermented, etc.

compassed

mastered

indurative

These alchemical instruments include various vessels used in vaporizing and distillation, both hand-held and affixed to a wall, in order to produce absorption, softening, and hardening.

not

The substances here include potassium nitrate, sulfuric acid, potassium carbonate, prepared salts, tartars, disulphide of arsenic, ammonium chloride, and various herbs and yeasts, along with lime, chalk, ashes, and hair.

multiplication

transmutation of baser metals into precious ones

blush

at first glance

occupation

i.e. an unemployed beggar or thief

groat

four-penny piece

angels

gold coins worth 6s. 8d., featuring the archangel Michael slaying the dragon

point

the metal sheath enclosing the tip of a lace used to fasten clothes

pint

of pint-sized capacity

pots

i.e. All you do is pointless because you drink away all your profits

made

assured of success

cunning

craft

spirits

i.e. basic substances

done

I want no part of this

devils

i.e. with spirits

gross

dull

domination

i.e. most useful in alchemy

quicksilver

mercury

silver

i.e. my money in silver coins

quick

i.e. easy come, easy go

orpiment

yellow arsenic

a word … spirit

i.e. it sounds like mumbo-jumbo or abracadabra to me

ammoniac

ammonium chloride

brimstone

sulfur

blue

sulfur burns blue

alone

Leave it to me

beggar

i.e. he is shabbily dressed

bewray

reveal

four

mercury, sulfur, sulfate of arsenic, and sal ammoniac

tempered

mixed

seven

gold, silver, mercury, copper, iron, tin, and lead

pounds

would turn an investment of £1 into £8000

coals

if only I can obtain some beech charcoal, the best fuel for an alchemical furnace

pottle

two-quart

plate

silver serving dishes

plummet

ball of lead

framed

fashioned

studies

meditates

about

speculating

hear

Can I believe my ears

Danae?

When Danae was confined by her father, King Acrisius of Argos, to a brazen tower, Jupiter or Zeus visited her in a shower of gold, conceiving Perseus as their son.

infinite

make infinite substances out of nothing

whist!

silence!

mine

i.e. time is money

air

i.e. get away from the furnace

mystery

a trade; also, a spiritual mystery

pains

work hard

Infinite

i.e. lots of work and lots of pain

entertain

employ

swear

solemnly promise; also, swear blasphemous oaths

gryphs

griffins

nests

i.e. line our pockets

frieze

coarse woolen cloth

science

learning

drought

thirstiness

myself

to ward off evil suggestion

thumb.

Proverbially, an honest miller was said to have a golden thumb — a rare occurrence, since honest millers were rare. The miller would teste the quality of the meal by rubbing it between his thumb and forefinger.

was

Alchemy is such a shabby occupation

man

servant

old

i.e., me, his former apprentice

shield

protect

mind

the mind of a boy

Melebeus

i.e. Phillida, disguised as a boy and bearing her father’s name

thee

i.e., me (Galatea speaks to herself in the third person)

fancy

in a fanciful dream

bow

use the male hunter’s bow instead of the woman’s spinning tool

quoits

the throwing of a heavy plate or ring requiring manly strength

abroad

away from home

wont

I who was accusomed

sampler

needlework

rareness

excellence

habit

garb

thee

when the maleness that you so love in Tityrus (i.e. Galatea) is displeasing to you in yourself

times

i.e. look to see when he is most likely to be susceptible to love

bewray

declare

conceits

fanciful thoughts

modesty

modesty able to conquer desire

imagination

an imagination that is captive to desire

fire

like the insect piralis that was fabled to live thus

precise

strict, conforming with conventional morality

brands

torches

flames

the eternal flame guarded by the Vestal Virgins in the temple of Vesta, Roman goddess of the hearth

heart

punning on hart

made

said to be

and

and yet

This meaning of “and”persists through the next clauses, as Galatea muses on the contradictions of chastity.

fancy

love

lunary

moonwort

Melebeus

i.e. Phillida

false

falsify, betray

Fond

Foolish and infatuated

profession

i.e. worship of Diana

bows

bend the bows in order to attach the bowstrings

strings

bowstrings

fly

the thing I should shun

riddles

Oedipus solved the riddle posed to him by the Sphinx

muse

wonder

ailest

what ails you

leaves

herbal medicines

counsel

advice

own

I blush to hear you, as you recount my sufferings in love, to describe your own

boy

i.e. the disguised Galatea

teeth

reproach me

wakeness

wakefulness

good

might as well

Melibeus

i.e. the disguised Phillida

fond

foolish

Tyterus

i.e. the disguised Galatea

soft

wait a minute

that

I who

affection

desire

byword

trick of speech

vicious

i.e. you outdo other lovers in betrayal of your vows

near me

Pun on “physically near” and “near the truth”

recall

unsay

only

If I were the only one to feel

incident

it being liable to happen

one

one nymph

deadly

extremely

virtue

scorns chastity as common and vulgar

stately

imposingly dignified

amaze

daunt

boy

Tityrus or Galatea

she

Ramia

boy

Melibeus or Phillida

Melibeus

i.e. the disguised Phillida

have

insists on having

Tityrus

i.e. the disguised Galatea

swath-clouts

swaddling clothes

conceits

ideas

likely

overreachest

you overpower

fond

foolish

reach

things contrary to what we hope for

Tityrus

the disguised Galatea

nobody

not among the living

framed

made

water

i.e. the external appearance does not represent the inner substance

toy

foolish trifle

humor

obsession

resembling

servant

a man who is devoted to the service of a lady

habit

garb

face

i.e., you

Admit

Suppose

doubtful

ambiguous and doubt-inspiring

simple

or I am too simpleminded, being a girl, to understand

disdain

disdainfully too proud

understand

in not understanding

that

because

mold

or knowing him/herself to be in fact a woman like them

provided that

fond

foolish; devoted

boy

Peter

veriest

most utter

end

fulfillment

measure

steady temperature

breasts

voices

so as

so that

among

blast

i.e. impossible tasks

dram

small amount

provided that

temperatures

temperament

Con-dog

since a cur is a dog

art

i.e. alchemy

you

as the saying goes

multiplieth

transmutes metals

wanteth

lacks

meat

food

man

i.e. intent on his book, as though it contained religious instruction

salute

greet

feet

like the proverbial absent-minded philosopher, so intently contemplating the heavens that he is unaware of what lies at his feet

astronomer

i.e. astrologer

Ipsissimus

the very same

annus

i.e. 1588, the year of the Spanish Armada

list

wish

lime-twigs

twigs coated with sticky substance to snare birds

a-batfowling

beat down birds at roost with a bat or club

cunning

cleverness

sky

below the upper limit of the sky

signs

constellations

zodiacs

the ecliptic or pathway in the stars that contains the twelve signs of the zodiac and through which the sun and planets move

taverns

where tavern signboards might feature such zodiacal signs as Aries the Ram, Taurus the Bull, Cancer the Crab, Leo the Lion, etc.

compass

encompass, achieve

head.

These asssociations of the twelve zodiacal constellations with various parts of the body were a central part of astrological lore.

ewe

i.e. an unfaithful female who makes her husband a cuckold, with horns like those of the ram

Bull

Taurus

Capricornus

the Goat

signs

signs of horned animals, suggesting cuckoldry

thoughts

aspire to wisdom

tell

count

’clips

eclipse

coney

rabbit

purse-net

a net that can be drawn tight at the mouth by a draw-string

number

the year in which the sun and the moon return to the relationship from which they began

epact

the age in days of the moon on the first day of the year, beginning March 22

prime

the date of the first new moon in the year

multiplication

transmuting metals

year

sixty years from now

astronomical

judicial astrology, used to predict momentous events like the deaths of monarchs

hail-fellows

close companions

amiable

lovable

drib

dribble, shoot feebly

leas

meadows

nymph

i.e. Cupid, disguised as a young woman

burn

caused by Psyche’s accidentally spilling hot oil on her beloved Cupid’s shoulder

leaf

an invented myth

Medea

a sorceress who was deserted by Jason and then killed their two children

bird

another invented detail

Calypso

goddess who detained Odysseus for years (Odyssey, Book 1)

shame

or bring shame to her nymphs

addle

i.e. confused, empty

onyx

a precious stone; the characteristics ascribed to it here are fanciful

moly

a magical herb given by Hermes or Mercury to Odysseus to protect him against Circe’s powers of enchantment (Odyssey, Book 10)

abateth

blunts or beats back

sun

a legend telling how the old eagle finds renewal by exposing itself to excessive heat of the sun, then plunging into cold water in order to shed its old plumage

shadow

i.e. the ephemeral pursuit of amorous love

ibes

ibises

sights

i.e. grow old and blind

one

your thoughts

other

your faces

eyes

Just imagine

trulls

strumpets

ends

their unhappy endings as a result of amorous dalliance

without

in outward appearance

within

in reality

owls

According to one legendary account, when the jolly satyr Silenus ascended to the skies, the ass on which he rode was placed among the stars and his pictures of apes and owls were covered over by embroidered representations of lions and eagles.

Juno

For attempting to win the love of Hera or Juno, Ixion was tricked by Zeus or Jupiter into making love to a cloud, Nephele, that resembled Juno. By this cloud Ixion fathered the centaurs.

others

a popular legend about the eagle

labors

patient workers in the cause of chaste virtue

samplers

fancy needlework

pelting

paltry

colors

pretty complexions and deceptive appearances

chase

hunting ground

that

what

unacquainted

unfamiliar, strange

bear

tolerate

the color of

pretext of your being

deity

her power as a goddess

policy

stratagems

wishes

vain hopes

golden

glorious

golden

gilded

rods

for discipline and chastisement

Circes

i.e.you will be infatuated not with an ennobling and spiritual love but with base enchantment

game

her hunting, and her nymphs whom you have hunted

shall

will be prevented

thoughts

i.e. despite my inclination to exercise a godlike mercy, or to have nothing to do with you, or, conversely, to revenge myself on you more harshly

smart

the sting of the whip

have

take

Populus

the people

Augur

Prognosticating priest

sacrifice

sacrificial victim

nature

the natural affection of a father for his daughter

swath-clout

swaddling clothes

sheet

sheet in which a dead body is wrapped

comfortable

comforting

inconvenience

public misfortune

mischief

harm

color

refuse to take the dye

simple

simpleminded

overreach

outwit

ear

i.e., only a wily mouse would dare make its home near the cat

anyone

cunningly

limp persuasively

will

wishes to

piece

woman

hairs

i.e., old men

fond

loving; foolish

Populus

Representing the people

froward

willful

Alter

A second representative of the people

their

get to the bottom of the fathers’

Oyez

Hear ye!

doom

sentence

cozened

cheated

pearl

i.e. as a sign of conquest

fire

the flames of passion

pirate’s

i.e. Cupid is

to trust to

expect

knots

ribbons tied in bows as love tokens

get to work

That

That one

she

Diana

Pluto

representing money, and confused thus with Plutus, god of riches

colors

deceptive appearances

conceits

thoughts

see

see to it

alone

Leave him to me

samplers

fancy needlework

Diana

serve Diana as a footman

for

instead of

wait

attend

trains

retinues

trains

deceptions

arras

tapestries

Vesta

goddess of the hearth and of chastity

men

Their tricks may blear the eyes of ordinary mortals

cozened

cheated

happy

fortunate

fair

beautiful

glass

mirror

thee

I only wish that my praise of your beauty were a flattering deception

mislead me with false hopes

do not love me merely in brotherly love

mistress

the woman I adore and serve

mistress

i.e. have noted my almost feminine-like beauty

mysteries

with a play on Mistrisse, the Quarto spelling

will

I will love you

fare

good luck to

other

the Astronomer

virtues

astrological powers

octavus

i.e. 1588, the year of the Spanish Armada, as in 3.3

scorned it as merely the vicissitudes of this world

multiplying

transmuting base metals

sweating

in sexual intercourse

her

i.e. gave her a child, thereby making two persons of one

stone

the magical substance vainly sought by alchemists that could convert all metals into gold; also, the testicles

cupboard

in the private sexual anatomy

spittle

the spittle one produces on waking up, thought to have curative properties

meat

food

mill

the mill operated by the three brothers’ father, which Robin now hopes will now descend to him

imagination

hoping to inherit

hands

using the art of palmistry

Sol

the sun

Thursday

born on Jove’s day and hence jovial

Venerian

a fine worshiper of Venus

Friday

Venus’s day, and also an ecclesiastical fast-day when fish was eaten instead of flesh

flesh-day

i.e. dedicated to Venus, goddess of love

muliebre

flesh is feminine in gender (in Latin)

recommended me as an assistant

had

If only I had

qualities

skills

warm

invigorating, strenuous

watered

salivated

meat

flesh

thoughts

and thought incessantly about sleep and food

coat

a doublet like the one you are wearing

brothers.

This master, evidently a shystering lawyer, will devise a way to give Dick the means to claim the right of the oldest brother and thereby inherit all their father’s estate, the mill.

passest

you are well known

points.

That’s as likely as if your (Peter’s) former master, the Alchemist, could transmute the metal tag-tips for fastening clothes into silver tankards.

the lawyer

him

Dick

cozen

cheat

cozens

the cozener or cheater of us both; also, our sibling treating us legally as mere cousins

uncle

i.e. we can invent genealogies for ourselves to cheat Dick in turn

conceit

pregnant with expectations

straight

at once

Ericthinis

a citizen

fatal

doomed

other

a crowd of men

sacrilege.

These legends are imaginary.

only

uniquely

divine

dwell on divine matters

agreeable

well suited

affections

temperaments

looks

the looks you wish for

tuned

well-tuned

conquereth

i.e. where chaste love is held in honor and yields to desire in such a way as to command and control affection in virtuous marriage

mine

because they are mine

been

been born

thine

through your gluttonous surfeiting

abused

wronged

want

lack

event

the sacrifice and its consequences

fear

since I am not a boy

not

doesn’t require a boy

fear

i.e. the fear that Tityrus (really Galatea) would be chosen as the most beautiful boy

ambo

both

stick

scruple

honest

chaste

honor

i.e. Virtue deserves praise and honor

except

unless

Love

Cupid

entertaineth

admits

entreat

treat harshly

muse

wonder

green

raw, fresh

without

on the surface

stead

came to your aid

fancies

love-longings

martyrdom

i.e. unless Cupid is released, Diana’s nymphs will suffer continual and violent reprisal from Venus

choose

cannot choose but chatter, being compulsively loose of tongue

well.

I, Venus, are honored to be spoken off harshly by Diana in such elegant language.

fancy

love

affection

desire

common

shared, general

saved

is the means of saving

Yes

Yes I can

level

aim

say

I am glad you say

Sappho

as in Lyly’s Sappho and Phao, 1584, where Cupid leaves Venus to dwell with Sappho

brands

torches

broke?

These observations may offer clues for staging.

not

it doesn’t matter

so that

jars.

Their pardon has been obtained not by any merit on your part, but as a consequence of the enmity between Diana and Venus.

sex

I thought Phillida’s male attire assured a male identity

fond-found

now found to be foolish

Love

Cupid

love

Venus

Ianthes?

When a young woman was given the male name of Iphis to spare her life but was then engaged against her will to marry the beautiful Ianthe, Iphis and her mother prevailed on the goddess Isis to change Iphis’s sex to that of a male, whereupon he and Ianthe were able to marry happily.

Take me with you

Understand what I have to say to you

play

sport amorously

fond

foolish

chance

bad luck

the decision

door.

(The audience is also left to guess, though Galatea, disguised as a boy already as the play begins, is perhaps a logical choice to be the designated male.)

malepartly

saucily

consort

we sing well as a trio

Basely

Poorly; singing the bass part

Meanly

(1) In mediocre fashion; (2) singing the middle part

it.

To their two voices I’ll add a third, singing the treble part (in a song with which the original presumably concluded).

Hymen

i.e. sing as invocation, in classical tradition, Io Hymen

ladies

in the audience

bitterness.

Love’s sweet joys are never cloying, her labors are never wearying, and the melancholy sadness she induces is never bitter.

conceits

imaginary thoughts

sith

since

Prosopography

David Bevington

David Bevington was the Phyllis Fay Horton Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in the Humanities at the University of Chicago. His books include From Mankind to Marlowe (1962), Tudor Drama and Politics (1968), Action Is Eloquence (1985), Shakespeare: The Seven Ages of Human Experience (2005), This Wide and Universal Theater: Shakespeare in Performance, Then and Now (2007), Shakespeare’s Ideas (2008), Shakespeare and Biography (2010), and Murder Most Foul: Hamlet Through the Ages (2011). He was the editor of Medieval Drama (1975), The Bantam Shakespeare, and The Complete Works of Shakespeare. The latter was published in a seventh edition in 2014. He was a senior editor of the Revels Student Editions, the Revels Plays, The Norton Anthology of Renaissance Drama, and The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Ben Jonson (2012). Professor Bevington passed away on August 2, 2019.

Janelle Jenstad

Janelle Jenstad is a Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of The Map of Early Modern London, and Director of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media: Old Words, New Tools (Routledge). She has edited John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Elizabethan Theatre, Early Modern Literary Studies, Shakespeare Bulletin, Renaissance and Reformation, and The Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies. She contributed chapters to Approaches to Teaching Othello (MLA); Teaching Early Modern Literature from the Archives (MLA); Institutional Culture in Early Modern England (Brill); Shakespeare, Language, and the Stage (Arden); Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate); New Directions in the Geohumanities (Routledge); Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter); Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana); Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota); Rethinking Shakespeare Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge); and Civic Performance: Pageantry and Entertainments in Early Modern London (Routledge). For more details, see janellejenstad.com.

John Lyly

Kate LeBere

Project Manager, 2020–2021. Assistant Project Manager, 2019–2020. Textual Remediator and Encoder, 2019–2021. Kate LeBere completed her BA (Hons.) in History and English at the University of Victoria in 2020. During her degree she published papers in The Corvette (2018), The Albatross (2019), and PLVS VLTRA (2020) and presented at the English Undergraduate Conference (2019), Qualicum History Conference (2020), and the Digital Humanities Summer Institute’s Project Management in the Humanities Conference (2021). While her primary research focus was sixteenth and seventeenth century England, she completed her honours thesis on Soviet ballet during the Russian Cultural Revolution. She is currently a student at the University of British Columbia’s iSchool, working on her masters in library and information science.

Sarah Fowler

Sarah Fowler is a fourth-year undergraduate student in the English Honours program at the University of Victoria. She is encoding the early editions of Gallathea as a part of her work for the Jamie Cassels Undergraduate Research Project under Janelle Jenstad.

Tracey El Hajj

Junior Programmer 2019–2020. Research Associate 2020–2021. Tracey received her PhD from the Department of English at the University of Victoria in the field of Science and Technology Studies. Her research focuses on the algorhythmics of networked communications. She was a 2019–2020 President’s Fellow in Research-Enriched Teaching at UVic, where she taught an advanced course on Artificial Intelligence and Everyday Life. Tracey was also a member of the Map of Early Modern London team, between 2018 and 2021. Between 2020 and 2021, she was a fellow in residence at the Praxis Studio for Comparative Media Studies, where she investigated the relationships between artificial intelligence, creativity, health, and justice. As of July 2021, Tracey has moved into the alt-ac world for a term position, while also teaching in the English Department at the University of Victoria.

Bibliography

Hunter, G.K., ed. Galatea, by John Lyly. In Galatea and Midas, by John Lyly. Revels Plays. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.

Lancashire, Anne Begor, ed. Gallathea and Midas, by John Lyly. Regents Renaissance Drama. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1969.

Scragg, Leah, ed. Galatea. By John Lyly. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2012.

Orgography

LEMDO Team (LEMD1)

The LEMDO Team is based at the University of Victoria and normally comprises the project director, the lead developer, project manager, junior developers(s), remediators, encoders, and remediating editors.

University of Victoria (UVIC1)

https://www.uvic.ca/

Metadata

Authority title	Galathea Annotations
Type of text	Annotation
Short title	Gal: Annotations
Publisher	Published by the University of Victoria on the Linked Early Modern Drama Online platform
Series	Digital Renaissance Editions
Source	Initial glosses prepared by David Bevington. Glosses revised by Janelle Jenstad. Notes written by Janelle Jenstad and Sarah Fowler.
Editorial declaration	Annotations prepared according to the DRE Editorial Guidelines
Edition	Released in the LEMDO Peer Review anthology on April 2, 2024
Sponsor(s)	Digital Renaissance Editions Anthology Leads and Co-Coordinating Editors: Brett Greatley-Hirsch, Janelle Jenstad, James Mardock, and Sarah Neville.
Encoding description	Encoded in TEI P5 according to the LEMDO Customization and Encoding Guidelines
Document status	TEI_proofed
Funder(s)	Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
License/availability	Intellectual copyright in this edition is held by the editors, David Bevington, Janelle Jenstad, and Sarah Fowler. The components of the edition are in progress and are not yet licensed for reuse.

Galathea Annotations

Prosopography

David Bevington

Janelle Jenstad

John Lyly

Kate LeBere

Sarah Fowler

Tracey El Hajj

Bibliography

Orgography

LEMDO Team (LEMD1)

University of Victoria (UVIC1)

Metadata

Digital Renaissance Editions