Typographical Ligatures Taxonomy

While LEMDO no longer encourages anthologies to tag glyphs and ligatures in their semi-diplomatic transcriptions, some semi-diplomatic files (mostly inherited from other projects) tagged ligatures using the values documented on this page. To learn about LEMDO’s current practices for encoding ligatures, see Encode Glyphs and Ligatures in Semi-Diplomatic Transcriptions.

Typographical Ligature Values

@xml:id Glyph name Mappings
lig_AE Latin Capital Letter/Ligature AE
modern: ae
standard: AE
precomposed: Æ
iml: {AE}
unicode: U+00C6
lig_ae Latin Small Letter/Ligature ae
modern: ae
standard: ae
precomposed: æ
iml: {ae}
unicode: U+00E6
lig_as Latin Small Ligature as
modern: as
standard: as
iml: {as}
lig_ct Latin Small Ligature ct
modern: ct
standard: ct
iml: {ct}
lig_ee Latin Small Ligature ee
modern: ee
standard: EE
iml: {ee}
lig_es Latin Small Ligature es
modern: es
standard: es
lig_ess Latin Small Ligature e Long s Short s
modern: ess
standard: eſs
iml: {e{s}s}
lig_fa Latin Small Ligature fa
modern: fa
standard: fa
iml: {fa}
lig_fe Latin Small Ligature fe
modern: fe
standard: fe
iml: {f}
lig_ff Latin Small Ligature ff
modern: ff
standard: ff
precomposed: ff
iml: {ff}
unicode: U+FB00
lig_ffa Latin Small Ligature ffa
modern: ffa
iml: {ffa}
lig_ffe Latin Small Ligature ffe
modern: ffe
iml: {ffe}
lig_ffi Latin Small Ligature ffi
modern: ffi
standard: ffi
precomposed: ffi
iml: {ffi}
unicode: U+FB03
lig_ffl Latin Small Ligature ffl
modern: ffl
standard: ffl
precomposed: ffl
iml: {ffl}
unicode: U+FB04
lig_ffr Latin Small Ligature ffr
modern: ffr
iml: {ffr}
lig_fi Latin Small Ligature fi
modern: fi
standard: fi
precomposed: fi
iml: {fi}
unicode: U+FB01
lig_fl Latin Small Ligature fl
modern: fl
standard: fl
precomposed: fl
iml: {fl}
unicode: U+FB02
lig_fo Latin Small Ligature fo
modern: fo
standard: fo
iml: {fo}
lig_fr Latin Small Ligature fr
modern: fr
standard: fr
iml: {fr}
lig_ft Latin Small Ligature ft
modern: ft
standard: ft
iml: {ft}
lig_fu Latin Small Ligature fu
modern: fu
iml: {ffu}
lig_IJ Latin Capital Ligature IJ
modern: IJ
standard: IJ
precomposed: IJ
iml: {IJ}
unicode: U+0132
lig_ij Latin Small Ligature ij
modern: ij
standard: ij
precomposed: ij
iml: {ij}
unicode: U+0133
lig_is Latin Small Ligature is
modern: is
standard: is
iml: {is}
lig_ll Latin Small Ligature ll
modern: ll
standard: ll
iml: {ll}
lig_oe Latin Small Letter/Ligature oe
modern: oe
standard: OE
precomposed: œ
iml: {oe}
unicode: U+1053
lig_oo Latin Small Letter/Ligature oo
modern: oo
standard: oo
iml: {oo}
lig_os Latin Small Ligature os
modern: os
standard: os
iml: {os}
lig_Qu Latin Ligature Capital Q Small u
modern: Qu
standard: Qu
lig_Que Latin Ligature Capital Q Small u Small e
modern: Que
standard: Que
lig_Qui Latin Ligature Capital Q Small u Small i
modern: Qui
standard: Qui
lig_longS_a Latin Small Ligature Long s a
modern: sa
standard: ſa
iml: {{s}a}
lig_longS_b Latin Small Ligature Long s b
modern: sb
standard: ſb
iml: {{s}b}
lig_longS_c Latin Small Ligature Long s c
modern: sc
standard: sc
iml: {{s}c}
lig_longS_e Latin Small Ligature Long s e
modern: se
standard: ſe
iml: {s{e}}
lig_longS_g Latin Small Ligature Long s g
modern: sg
standard: ſg
iml: {{s}g}
lig_longS_h Latin Small Ligature Long s h
modern: sh
standard: ſh
iml: {{s}h}
lig_longS_i Latin Small Ligature Long s i
modern: si
standard: ſi
iml: {{s}i}
lig_sk Latin Small Ligature sk
modern: sk
standard: sk
iml: {sk}
lig_sl Latin Small Ligature sl
modern: sl
standard: sl
iml: {sl}
unicode: U+FB06
lig_longS_k Latin Small Ligature Long s k
modern: sk
standard: ſk
iml: {sk}
lig_longS_l Latin Small Ligature Long s l
modern: sl
standard: ſl
iml: {{s}l}
lig_longS_m Latin Small Ligature Long s m
modern: sm
standard: ſm
iml: {{s}m}
lig_longS_n Latin Small Ligature Long s n
modern: sn
standard: ſn
iml: {{s}n}
lig_longS_o Latin Small Ligature Long s o
modern: so
standard: ſo
iml: {{s}o}
lig_sp Latin Small Ligature sp
modern: sp
standard: sp
iml: {sp}
lig_longS_p Latin Small Ligature Long s p
modern: sp
standard: ſp
iml: {{s}p}
lig_longS_q Latin Small Ligature Long s q
modern: sq
standard: ſq
iml: {{s}q}
lig_longS_longS Latin Small Ligature Long s Long s
modern: ss
standard: ſſ
iml: {{s}{s}}
lig_longS_longS_a Latin Small Ligature Long s Long s a
modern: ssa
standard: ſſa
iml: {{s}{s}a}
lig_longS_longS_e Latin Small Ligature Long s Long s e
modern: sse
standard: ſſe
iml: {{s}{s}e}
lig_longS_longS_i Latin Small Ligature Long s Long s i
modern: ssi
standard: ſſi
iml: {{s}{s}i}
lig_longS_longS_l Latin Small Ligature Long s Long s l
modern: ssl
standard: ſſl
iml: {{s}{s}l}
lig_longS_longS_o Latin Small Ligature Long s Long s o
modern: sso
standard: ſſo
iml: {{s}{s}o}
lig_st Latin Small Ligature st
modern: st
standard: st
precomposed: st
iml: {st}
unicode: U+FB06
lig_longS_t Latin Small Ligature Long s t
modern: st
standard: ſt
precomposed: ſt
iml: {{s}t}
unicode: U+FB05
lig_ss Latin Small Ligature Long s Short s
modern: ss
standard: ſs
iml: {{s}s}
lig_longS_u Latin Small Ligature Long s u
modern: su
standard: ſu
iml: {{s}u}
lig_longS_w Latin Small Ligature Long s w
modern: sw
standard: ſw
iml: {{s}w}
lig_sz Latin Small Letter Sharp s (Eszett)
modern: ss
standard: ss
iml: {&szlig}
unicode: U+00DF
lig_us Latin Small Ligature us
modern: us
standard: us
iml: {us}
lig_Wt Latin Ligature Wt
modern: with
standard: Wt
iml: {Wt}
lig_wt Latin Ligature wt
modern: with
standard: wt
iml: {wt}

Prosopography

Illya

Illya has a BA in English and Sociocultural Anthropology and an MA in English. Prior to joining the HCMC, he was a PhD candidate in English and Book History at the University of Toronto and worked on Records of Early English Drama and on the Modernist Archives Publishing Project. His work at the HCMC focuses on creating web-based applications for research projects led by members of the faculty of Humanities at the University of Victoria. This involves creating schemas for new and existing datasets, writing XSLT and build files to transform datasets into structured TEI and HTML formats, implementing staticSearch, and ensuring that new projects are Endings Principles compliant.

Janelle Jenstad

Janelle Jenstad is a Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of The Map of Early Modern London, and Director of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Beatrice Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media: Old Words, New Tools (Routledge). She has edited John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Elizabethan Theatre, Early Modern Literary Studies, Shakespeare Bulletin, Renaissance and Reformation, and The Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies. She contributed chapters to Approaches to Teaching Othello (MLA); Teaching Early Modern Literature from the Archives (MLA); Institutional Culture in Early Modern England (Brill); Shakespeare, Language, and the Stage (Arden); Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate); New Directions in the Geohumanities (Routledge); Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter); Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana); Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota); Rethinking Shakespeare Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge); and Civic Performance: Pageantry and Entertainments in Early Modern London (Routledge). For more details, see janellejenstad.com.

Joey Takeda

Joey Takeda is LEMDO’s Consulting Programmer and Designer, a role he assumed in 2020 after three years as the Lead Developer on LEMDO.

Mahayla Galliford

Project manager, 2025-present; research assistant, 2021-present. Mahayla Galliford (she/her) graduated with a BA (Hons with distinction) from the University of Victoria in 2024. Mahayla’s undergraduate research explored early modern stage directions and civic water pageantry. Mahayla continues her studies through UVic’s English MA program and her SSHRC-funded thesis project focuses on editing and encoding girls’ manuscripts, specifically Lady Rachel Fane’s dramatic entertainments, in collaboration with LEMDO.

Martin Holmes

Martin Holmes has worked as a developer in the UVic’s Humanities Computing and Media Centre for over two decades, and has been involved with dozens of Digital Humanities projects. He has served on the TEI Technical Council and as Managing Editor of the Journal of the TEI. He took over from Joey Takeda as lead developer on LEMDO in 2020. He is a collaborator on the SSHRC Partnership Grant led by Janelle Jenstad.

Navarra Houldin

Training and Documentation Lead 2025–present. LEMDO project manager 2022–2025. Textual remediator 2021–present. Navarra Houldin (they/them) completed their BA with a major in history and minor in Spanish at the University of Victoria in 2022. Their primary research was on gender and sexuality in early modern Europe and Latin America. They are continuing their education through an MA program in Gender and Social Justice Studies at the University of Alberta where they will specialize in Digital Humanities.

Samuel Seaberg

Samuel Seaberg, a University of Victoria English undergrad, enjoys riding his bike. During the summer of 2025, he began working with LEMDO as a recipient of the Valerie Kuehne Undergraduate Research Award (VKURA). Unfortunately, due to his summer being spent primarily in working to establish an edition of Thomas Heywood’s If You Know Not Me, You Know Nobody, Part 2 and consequently working out how to represent multi-text works in a digital space, his bike has suffered severely of sheltered seclusion from the sun. Note: Samuel now works for LEMDO as the Assistant Project Manager, much to his bike’s chagrin.

Tracey El Hajj

Junior Programmer 2019–2020. Research Associate 2020–2021. Tracey received her PhD from the Department of English at the University of Victoria in the field of Science and Technology Studies. Her research focuses on the algorhythmics of networked communications. She was a 2019–2020 President’s Fellow in Research-Enriched Teaching at UVic, where she taught an advanced course on Artificial Intelligence and Everyday Life. Tracey was also a member of the Map of Early Modern London team, between 2018 and 2021. Between 2020 and 2021, she was a fellow in residence at the Praxis Studio for Comparative Media Studies, where she investigated the relationships between artificial intelligence, creativity, health, and justice. As of July 2021, Tracey has moved into the alt-ac world for a term position, while also teaching in the English Department at the University of Victoria.

Orgography

LEMDO Team (LEMD1)

The LEMDO Team is based at the University of Victoria and normally comprises the project director, the lead developer, project manager, junior developers(s), remediators, encoders, and remediating editors.

Metadata