The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancaster and York FV: Hall Author Edward Hall Editor Mathew Martin Conversion and Remediation LEMDO Team Queen’s Men Editions QME

The Queen’s Men Editions anthology is led by Helen Ostovich, General Editor; Peter Cockett, General Editor (Performance); Andrew Griffin, General Editor (Text; until 2026); and Janelle Jenstad, General Editor (Text; 2026–)

 Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada McMaster University Poculi Ludique Societas University of Waterloo University of Toronto Centre for Drama, Theatre & Performance Studies University of Victoria Friends of the ISE

Released with Queen’s Men Editions 2.0

 University of Victoria on the Linked Early Modern Drama Online Platform

Intellectual copyright in this edition is held by the editor, Mathew Martin. The critical paratexts, including this Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancaster and York, are licensed under a CC BY-NC_ND 4.0 license, which means that they are freely downloadable without permission under the following conditions: (1) credit must be given to the editor, QME, and LEMDO in any subsequent use of the files and/or data; (2) the content cannot be adapted or repurposed (except for quotations for the purposes of academic review and citation); and (3) commercial uses are not permitted without the knowledge and consent of QME, the editor, and LEMDO. This license allows for pedagogical use of the critical paratexts in the classroom.

Production photographs and videos on this site may not be downloaded. They appear freely on this site with the permission of the actors and the ACTRA union. They may be used within the context of university courses, within the classroom, and for reference within research contexts, including conferences, when credit is given to the producing company and to the actors. Commercial use of videos and photographs is forbidden.

Queen’s Men Editions

Born-digital, peer-reviewed document written by Mathew Martin. First published in the QME 1.0 anthology on the ISE platform. Converted to TEI-XML and remediated by the LEMDO Team for republication in the QME 2.0 anthology on the LEMDO platform.

Encoded in TEI P5 according to the LEMDO Customization and Encoding Guidelines

Edited according to the ISE Editorial Guidelines

 Document Types All documents in LEMDO are either born-digital documents or primary documents. Within those two general categories, LEMDO offers additional ways to categorize a file. Primary Source Primary source documents. Use this top-level category only for supplementary texts, usually in combination with the editorial treatment letmixed. Editorial Treatments Distinct approaches to textual editing used by LEMDO editors Mixed Texts in which a variety of possibly incongruous editorial approaches have been mixed. Use this category in combination with ldtPrimary. Responsibilities Responsibilities Author MARC Code List for Relators definition: A person, family, or organization responsible for creating a work that is primarily textual in content, regardless of media type (e.g., printed text, spoken word, electronic text, tactile text) or genre (e.g., poems, novels, screenplays, blogs). Use also for persons, etc., creating a new work by paraphrasing, rewriting, or adapting works by another creator such that the modification has substantially changed the nature and content of the original or changed the medium of expression. LEMDO uses the term author in two contexts: (1) to indicate the author of a primary work or document (such as Hamlet), and (2) to indicate the author of a secondary text (such as the Critical Introduction to <title level="m">Hamlet, by David Bevington). Editor MARC Code List for Relators definition: A person, family, or organization contributing to a resource by revising or elucidating the content, e.g., adding an introduction, notes, or other critical matter. An editor may also prepare a resource for production, publication, or distribution. For major revisions, adaptations, etc., that substantially change the nature and content of the original work, resulting in a new work, see author. LEMDO uses the general term editor only in edition metadata and only to indicate when a person is responsible for editing all parts of an edition. Otherwise, use the more granular terms to describe the precise nature of the editorial role. Markup Editor MARC Code List for Relators definition: A person or organization performing the coding of SGML, HTML, or XML markup of metadata, text, etc. LEMDO uses this term for someone who encodes a file, remediates a converted text, or reviews the XML markup of a file. Published file. Updated metadata Updated encodingDesc. Added QME anthology type and peer reviewed type. Published file. Remediated document. Created document. Original peer-reviewed content added to XWiki by a member of the QME team or a member of the ISE team acting on behalf of QME. The earlier history of this content was not captured in metadata. Peer review arranged by QME Editorial Board Peter Cockett Peter Cockett

Peter Cockett is an associate professor in the iArts (Integrated Arts) program at McMaster University. He is the co-editor, with Melinda Gough, of Engendering the Stage in the Age of Shakespeare and Beyond (University of Toronto Press, 2025) which publishes the findings of their 2018 Performance as Research (PaR) workshop at the Stratford Festival Lab. He is the general editor (performance), and technical co-ordinating editor of Queen’s Men Editions. His PaR directing credits include King Leir, The Famous Victories of Henry V, and Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay (2006), Clyomon and Clamydes (2010), and Three Ladies of London (2015) for the Shakespeare and the Queen’s Men project (SQM). The process behind the 2006 productions is documented in depth on the project website Performing the Queen’s Men. For the PLS, the University of Toronto’s Medieval and Renaissance Players, he has directed the Digby Mary Magdalene (2003) and the double bill of George Peele’s The Old Wives Tale and the Chester Antichrist (2004). He also directed An Experiment in Elizabethan Comedy (2005) for the SQM project and Inside Out: The Persistence of Allegory (2008) in collaboration with Alan Dessen. Peter is a professional actor and director with numerous stage and screen credits. He can be contacted at cockett@mcmaster.ca.

 Tracey El Hajj Tracey El Hajj

Junior Programmer 2019–2020. Research Associate 2020–2021. Tracey received her PhD from the Department of English at the University of Victoria in the field of Science and Technology Studies. Her research focuses on the algorhythmics of networked communications. She was a 2019–2020 President’s Fellow in Research-Enriched Teaching at UVic, where she taught an advanced course on Artificial Intelligence and Everyday Life. Tracey was also a member of the Map of Early Modern London team, between 2018 and 2021. Between 2020 and 2021, she was a fellow in residence at the Praxis Studio for Comparative Media Studies, where she investigated the relationships between artificial intelligence, creativity, health, and justice. As of July 2021, Tracey has moved into the alt-ac world for a term position, while also teaching in the English Department at the University of Victoria.

 Mahayla Galliford Mahayla Galliford

Project Manager, 2025-present; Assistant Project Manager, 2024-2025; Research Assistant, 2021-present. Mahayla Galliford (she/her) graduated from the University of Victoria with a BA (honours with distinction) in 2024, and an MA English in 2026. Mahayla’s undergraduate research explored early modern stage directions and civic water pageantry. Her SSHRC-funded MA thesis project focuses on transcribing, editing, and encoding early modern girls’ manuscripts, specifically Lady Rachel Fane’s May Masque in collaboration with LEMDO.

 Andrew Griffin Andrew Griffin

Andrew Griffin is an associate professor in the department of English and an affiliate professor in the department of Theater and Dance at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He is general editor (text) of Queen’s Men Editions. He studies early modern drama and early modern historiography while serving as the lead editor at the EMC Imprint. He has co-edited with Helen Ostovich and Holger Schott Syme Locating the Queen’s Men (2009) and has co-edited The Making of a Broadside Ballad (2016) with Patricia Fumerton and Carl Stahmer. His monograph, Untimely Deaths in Renaissance Drama: Biography, History, Catastrophe, was published with the University of Toronto Press in 2019. He is editor of the anonymous The Chronicle History of King Leir (Queen’s Men Editions, 2011). He can be contacted at griffin@english.ucsb.edu.

 Martin Holmes Martin Holmes

Martin Holmes has worked as a developer in the UVic’s Humanities Computing and Media Centre for over two decades, and has been involved with dozens of Digital Humanities projects. He has served on the TEI Technical Council and as Managing Editor of the Journal of the TEI. He took over from Joey Takeda as lead developer on LEMDO in 2020. He is a collaborator on the SSHRC Partnership Grant led by Janelle Jenstad.

 Navarra Houldin Navarra Houldin

Training and Documentation Lead 2025–present. LEMDO project manager 2022–2025. Textual remediator 2021–present. Navarra Houldin (they/them) completed their BA with a major in history and minor in Spanish at the University of Victoria in 2022. Their primary research was on gender and sexuality in early modern Europe and Latin America. They are continuing their education through an MA program in Gender and Social Justice Studies at the University of Alberta where they will specialize in Digital Humanities.

 Janelle Jenstad Janelle Jenstad

Janelle Jenstad is a Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of The Map of Early Modern London, and Director of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Beatrice Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media: Old Words, New Tools (Routledge). She has edited John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Elizabethan Theatre, Early Modern Literary Studies, Shakespeare Bulletin, Renaissance and Reformation, and The Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies. She contributed chapters to Approaches to Teaching Othello (MLA); Teaching Early Modern Literature from the Archives (MLA); Institutional Culture in Early Modern England (Brill); Shakespeare, Language, and the Stage (Arden); Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate); New Directions in the Geohumanities (Routledge); Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter); Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana); Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota); Rethinking Shakespeare Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge); and Civic Performance: Pageantry and Entertainments in Early Modern London (Routledge). For more details, see janellejenstad.com.

 Kate LeBere Kate LeBere KL

Project Manager, 2020–2021. Assistant Project Manager, 2019–2020. Textual Remediator and Encoder, 2019–2021. Kate LeBere completed her BA (Hons.) in History and English at the University of Victoria in 2020. During her degree she published papers in The Corvette (2018), The Albatross (2019), and PLVS VLTRA (2020) and presented at the English Undergraduate Conference (2019), Qualicum History Conference (2020), and the Digital Humanities Summer Institute’s Project Management in the Humanities Conference (2021). While her primary research focus was sixteenth and seventeenth century England, she completed her honours thesis on Soviet ballet during the Russian Cultural Revolution. She is currently a student at the University of British Columbia’s iSchool, working on her masters in library and information science.

 Karen Sawyer Marsalek Karen Marsalek

Karen Sawyer Marsalek (Famous Victories of Henry V, early modern text) is an associate professor of English at St. Olaf College. She has edited, directed and performed in several early English plays. Her publications include essays on true resurrections in medieval drama and The Winter’s Tale, false resurrections in the Chester Antichrist and 1 Henry IV, and theatrical properties of skulls and severed heads. Her current research is on remains and revenants in the King’s Men’s repertory. She can be contacted at marsalek@stolaf.edu.

 Mathew Martin Mathew Martin

Dr. Mathew R. Martin is Full Professor at Brock University, Canada. He is the author of Between Theatre and Philosophy (2001), Tragedy and Trauma in the Plays of Christopher Marlowe (2015) and Psychoanalysis and Literary Theory (2023), and co-editor, with his colleague James Allard, of Staging Pain, 1500–1800: Violence and Trauma in British Theatre (2009). For Broadview Press he has edited Christopher Marlowe’s Edward the Second (2010), Jew of Malta (2012), Doctor Faustus: The B-Text (2013) and Tamburlaine the Great Part One and Part Two (2014), and Robert Greene’s Selimus (2022). For Revels Editions he has edited George Peele’s David and Bathsheba (2018) and Marlowe’s The Massacre at Paris (2021). For Queen’s Men Editions he has edited The Famous Victories of Henry V (2016). He has published two articles of textual criticism on the printed texts of Marlowe’s plays: Inferior Readings: The Transmigration of Material in <title level="m">Tamburlaine the Great (Early Theatre 17.2 [December 2014]), and (on the political inflections of the shifts in punctuation in the early editions of the play) Accidents Happen: Roger Barnes’s 1612 Edition of Marlowe’s <title level="m">Edward the Second (Early Theatre 16.1 [June 2013]). His latest editing projects are a double-play Revels edition of Robert Greene’s Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay and John of Bordeaux and a Digital Renaissance Editions edition of Dido, Queen of Carthage.

 Scott Matthews Scott Matthews Helen Ostovich Helen Ostovich

Helen Ostovich, professor emerita of English at McMaster University, is the founder and general editor of Queen’s Men Editions. She is a general editor of The Revels Plays (Manchester University Press); Series Editor of Studies in Performance and Early Modern Drama (Ashgate, now Routledge), and series co-editor of Late Tudor and Stuart Drama (MIP); play-editor of several works by Ben Jonson, in Four Comedies: Ben Jonson (1997); Every Man Out of his Humour (Revels 2001); and The Magnetic Lady (Cambridge 2012). She has also edited the Norton Shakespeare 3 The Merry Wives of Windsor Q1602 and F1623 (2015); The Late Lancashire Witches and A Jovial Crew for Richard Brome Online, revised for a 4-volume set from OUP 2021; The Ball, for the Oxford Complete Works of James Shirley (2021); The Merry Wives of Windsor for Internet Shakespeare Editions, and The Dutch Courtesan (with Erin Julian) for the Complete Works of John Marston, OUP 2022. She has published many articles and book chapters on Jonson, Shakespeare, and others, and several book collections, most recently Magical Transformations of the Early Modern English Stage with Lisa Hopkins (2014), and the equivalent to book website, Performance as Research in Early English Theatre Studies: The Three Ladies of London in Context containing scripts, glossary, almost fifty conference papers edited and updated to essays; video; link to Queen’s Mens Ediitons and YouTube: http://threeladiesoflondon.mcmaster.ca/contexts/index.htm, 2015. Recently, she was guest editor of Strangers and Aliens in London ca 1605, Special Issue on Marston, Early Theatre 23.1 (June 2020). She can be contacted at ostovich@mcmaster.ca.

 Joey Takeda Joey Takeda

Joey Takeda is LEMDO’s Consulting Programmer and Designer, a role he assumed in 2020 after three years as the Lead Developer on LEMDO.

 Anonymous Edward Hall Edward Hall LEMDO Team The LEMDO Team is based at the University of Victoria and normally comprises the project director, the lead developer, project manager, junior developers(s), remediators, encoders, and remediating editors. University of Victoria https://www.uvic.ca/ QME Editorial Board

The QME Editorial Board consists of Helen Ostovich, General Editor; Peter Cockett, General Editor (Performance); Andrew Griffin, General Editor (Text); and Janelle Jenstad General Editor (Text).

 Queen’s Men Editions QME

The Queen’s Men Editions anthology is led by Helen Ostovich, General Editor; Peter Cockett, General Editor (Performance); Andrew Griffin, General Editor (Text; until 2026); and Janelle Jenstad, General Editor (Text; 2026–)

 From Edward Hall, The Vnion of the two noble and illustre famelies of Lancastre and Yorke

During his sickness, as authors write, King Henry IV caused his crown to be, set on the pillow at his bed’s head, and suddenly his pang so sore troubled him that he lay as though all his vital spirits had been from him departed. Such chamberlains as had the cure and charge of his body, thinking him to be departed and dead, covered his face with a linen cloth. The prince his son, being thereof advertised, entered into the chamber and took away the crown and departed. The father, being suddenly revived out of his trance, quickly perceived the lack of his crown, and having knowledge that the prince his son had possessed it, caused him to repair to his presence, requiring of him for what cause he had so misused himself. The prince with a good audacity answered, Sir, to mine and all men’s judgments you seemed dead in this world, wherefore I as your next and apparent heir took that as mine own and not as yours. Well, fair son, said the King (with a great sigh), what right I had to it and how I enjoyed it, God knoweth. Well, quoth the prince, If you die king, I will have the garland and trust to keep it with the sword against all mine enemies as you have done. Well, said the King, I commit all to God, and remember you to do well, and with that turned himself in his bed and shortly after departed to God.

This King, this man, was he which (according to the old proverb) declared and showed that honors ought to change manners. For incontinent after that he was stalled in the siege royal, and had received the crown and scepter of the famous and fortunate region, determined with himself to put on the shape of a new man, and to use another sort of living, turning insolence and wildness into gravity and soberness, and wavering vice into constant virtue. And to the extent that he would so continue without going back, and not thereunto be allured by his familiar companions, with whom he had passed his young age in wanton pastime and riotous misorder (insomuch that for imprisonment of one of his wanton mates and unthrifty playferes he struck the Chief Justice with his fist on the face, for which offence he was not only committed to straight prison, but also of his father put out of the privy council and banished the court, and his brother Thomas Duke of Clarence elected president of the King’s council to his great displeasure and open reproach), he therefore banished and separated from him all his old flatterers and familiar companions (not unrewarded nor yet unpreferred), inhibiting them upon a great pain not once to approach either to his speech or presence, nor yet to lodge or sojourn within ten miles of his court or mansion. And in their places he elected and chose men of gravity, men of wit, and men of high policy, by whose wise counsel and prudent instruction he might at all times rule to his honor and govern to his profit.

Wherefore on a day when the King was present in the parliament, Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury thereto newly preferred, which beforetime had been a monk of the Carthusians, a man which had professed willful poverty in religion, and yet coming abroad much desired honor, and a man much regarding God’s law, but more loving his own lucre. After low obeisance made to the King he said after this manner in effect: When I consider, our most entirely beloved and no less dread sovereign lord and natural prince, the loving mind, the daily labor and continual study which you incessantly employ both for the advancement of the honor of your realm and also profit of your people, I cannot nor ought not keep silence. [B]y lineal deceit, by progeny of blood and by very inheritance, not only the duchy of Normandy and Aquitaine with the counties of Anjou and Maine and the country of Gascony are to you as true and indubitate heir of the same lawfully devolved and lineally descended from the high and most noble prince of famous memory, King Edward the Third, your great-grandfather, but also the whole realm of France with all his prerogatives and pre-eminences, to you as heir to your great grandfather is of right belonging and appertaining. Wherefore regard well, my sovereign Lord, your just and true title to the realm of France, by God’s law and man’s law to you devoluted as very heir to Queen Isabel, your great grandmother, daughter to King Philip the Fair and sister and heir to four kings deceasing without any issue. Therefore for God’s sake lose not your patrimony, disinherit not your heirs, dishonor not your self, diminish not your title, which your noble progenitors so highly have esteemed. Wherefore advance forth your banner, fight for your right, conquer your inheritance, spare not sword, blood or fire; your war is just, your cause is good, and your claim true; and therefore courageously set forward your war against your enemies When the Archbishop had finished his prepared purpose, Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland, a man of no less gravity than experience, and of no more experience than stomach, which was then high Warden of the marches toward Scotland, and therefore thinking that if the King should pass over into France with his whole puissance, that his power should be too weak to withstand the strength of Scotland if they should invade during the King’s absence. Wherefore he rose up, and making his obeisance to the King, said, Surely, sir, as my Lord Canterbury hath clerkly declared, the conquest of France is very honorable, and when it is gotten and obtained, very profitable and pleasant. But saving Your Grace’s reformation, I say and affirm that to conquer Scotland is more necessary, more apparent easy, and more profitable to this realm than is the gain of France Wherefore my counsel is, first to invade Scotland, and by God’s grace to conquer and join that region to your empire, and to restore the renowned monarchy of Britain to her old estate and pre-eminence, and so beautified with realms and furnished with people, to enter into France for the recovering of your righteous title and true inheritance, in observing the old, ancient proverb used by our forefathers, which sayeth, He that will France win, must with Scotland first begin.

No, quoth the Duke of Exeter, uncle to the King he that will Scotland win, let him with France first begin. Then if France be the nourisher of Scotland, if the French pensions be the sustainers of the Scottish nobility, if the education of Scots in France be the cause of practice and policy in Scotland, then pluck away France and the courage of the nobles of Scotland shall be soon daunted and appalled. Behold the conditions of the councillors and the desire of the movers: what persons were they which coveted their poor neighbors rather than rich foreigners? Men more meet for a carpet than a camp, men of a weak stomach, desiring rather to wake in a pleasant garden than pass the seas in a tempestuous storm. What should I say? If you get France, you get two, and if you get Scotland, you get but one.

Here I overpass how some writers say that the Dauphin, thinking King Henry to be given still to such plays and light follies as he exercised and used before the time that he was exalted to the crown, sent to him a tun of tennis balls to play with, as who said that he could better skill of tennis than of war, and was more expert in light games than martial policy. Whether he [King Henry] were moved with this unwise present, or espying that the Frenchmen dallied and vainly delayed his purpose and demand, was moved and pricked forward, I cannot judge, but sure it is that after the return of his ambassadors, he, being of a haughty courage and bold stomach, living now in the pleasantest time of his age, much desiring to enlarge and dilate his empire and dominion, determined fully to make war in France, conceiving a good trust and a perfect hope in this point which he had before experimented, which is that victory for the most part followeth where right leadeth, advanced forward by justice and set forth by equity.

At a time prefixed, the Archbishop of Bruges made an eloquent and long oration, dissuading war, and praising peace, offering to the King of England a great sum of money with diverse base and poor countries, with the Lady Katherine in marriage, so that he would dissolve his army and dismiss his soldiers which he had gathered and made ready. The bishop of Bruges, being inflamed with anger that his purpose took none effect, desiring license and pardon of the King that he might speak, which one attained he very rashly and unreverently said, Thinkest thou to put down and destroy wrongfully the most Christian king, our most redoubted sovereign lord and most excellentest prince of all Christianity, of blood and preeminence? Oh, King, saving thine honor, thinkest thou that he hath offered or cause to be offered to the lands goods, or other possessions with his own daughter for feare of thee or thy English nation, or thy friends, or well willers, or fautors. No, no? But of truth, he, moved with pity, as a lover of peace, to the intent that innocent blood should not be dispersed abroad and that Christian people should not be afflicted with battle and destroyed with mortal war, hath made to thee this reasonable offers and this godly motion, putting his whole affiance in God most puissant according to right and reason, trusting in his quarrel to be aided and supported by his benevolent subjects and favorable well-willers. And since we be subjects and servants, we require thee to cause us safely and surely without damage to be conducted out of thy realm and dominions, and that thou wilt write thine answer wholly as thou hast given it, under thy seal and sign manual.

The King of England coldly and soberly answered the bishop, saying, My lord, I little esteem your French brags, and less set by your power and strength. I now perfectly my right to your region, and except you will deny the apparent truth, so do you, and if you neither do nor will, yet God and the world knoweth it But this I say unto you, that before one year pass, I trust to make the highest crown of your country stoop and the proudest miter to kneel down; and say this to the usurper your master, that I within three months will enter into France, not as into his land, but as into mine own true and lawful patrimony, intending to conquer it, not with bragging words, flattering orations, or colored persuasions, but with puissance of men and dint of sword, by the side of God in whom is my whole trust and confidence. And as concerning my answer to be written, subscribed, and sealed, I assure you that I would not speak that sentence the which I would not write and subscribe, nor subscribe that line to the which I would refuse to put my seal. Therefore, your safe conduct shall be to you delivered with mine answer, and then you may depart surely and safely, I warrant you, into your country, where I trust sooner to visit you than you shall have cause to salute me or bid me welcome.

When the wind was prosperous and pleasant for the navy to set forward, they weighed up the anchors and hoisted up their sails and set forward with fifteen hundred ships on the vigil of the Assumption of Our Lady, and took land at Caux, commonly called Kyd Caux (where the river of Seine runs into the sea) without resistance or bloodshedding.

The French King being at Rouen, hearing that the King of England was past the water of Somme, was not a little discontent, and assembled his council to the number of thirty-five to consult what should be done And so Mountjoy, King-at-Arms, was sent to the King of England to defy him as the enemy of France, and to tell him that he should shortly have battle. King Henry soberly answered, Sir, mine intent and desire is none other but to do as it pleaseth Almighty God and as it becometh me, for surely I will not seek your master at this time, but if he or his seek me I will willingly fight with him.

When the lords of France heard the King of England’s answer, it was incontinent proclaimed that all men of war should resort to the Constable of France to fight with the King of England and his puissance. Whereupon all men accustomed to bear armes and desirous to win honor through the realm of France drew toward the field. The Dauphin sore desired to be at that battle, but he was prohibited by the King his father.

The Constable of France, the Marshall, the Admiral, the Lord Rambures, Master of the Crossbows and diverse lords and knights pitched their banners near to the banner royal of the Constable in the county of Saint Paul within the territory of Agincourt, which way the Englishmen must needs pass toward Calais. The Frenchmen made great fires about their banners and all that night made great cheer and were very merry. The Englishmen that night sounded their trumpets and diverse instruments musical with great melody, and yet their were both hungry, weary, sore travailed and much vexed with cold diseases.

When these battles were thus ordered, it was a glorious sight to behold them, and surely they were esteemed to be in number six times as many or more than was the whole company of the Englishmen with wagoners, pages and all. Thus the Frenchmen were every man under his banner only waiting for the bloody blast of the terrible trumpet during which season the Constable of France said openly to the captains in effect as followeth: Friends and companions in arms, I cannot but both rejoice and lament the chances and fortunes of these two armies which I openly see and behold with mine eyes here present. I rejoice for the victory which I see at hand for our part, and I lament and sorrow for the misery and calamity which I perceive to approach to the other side. For we cannot but be victors and triumphant conquerors, for who saw ever so flourishing an army within any Christian region, or such a multitude of valiant persons in one company? Is not here the flower of the French nation on barded hourses with sharp spears and deadly weapons? Are not here the bold Britons with fiery handguns and sharp swords? See you not present the practiced [Picards], with strong and weighty crossbows? Beside these, we have the fierce Brabants and strong Almains with long pikes and cutting slaughmesses. And on the other side is a small handful of poor Englishmen which are entered into this region in hope of some gain or desire of profit, which by reason that their victual is consumed and spent are by daily famine sore weakened, consumed, and almost without spirits. For you must understand that if you keep an Englishman one month from his warm bed, fat beef and stale drink and let him that season taste cold and suffer hunger, you shall see his courage abated, his body wax lean and bare, and ever desirous to return into his own country.

King Henry, also like a leader and not like one led, like a sovereign and not like a soldier, ordered his men for his most advantage like an expert captain and a courageous warrior. And first he sent privily twenty archers into a low meadow which was near to the forward of his enemies, but separate with a great ditch, and were there commanded to keep themselves close till they had a token to them given to shoot at their adversaries. Beside this, King Henry the Fifth appointed a vanguard, of the which he made captain Edward, Duke of York, which of a haughty courage had of the King required and obtained that office, and with him were the Lords Beaumont, Willoughby and Fanhope, and this battle was all archers. The middle ward was governed by the King himself with his brother the Duke of Gloucester, and the Earls Marshall, Oxford and Suffolk, in the which were all the strong billmen. The Duke of Exeter, uncle to the King, led the rearward, which was mixed both with archers and billmen. The horsemen like wings went on every side of the battle. When the King had thus ordered his battle, he caused stakes bound with iron, sharp at both ends, of the length of five or six foot to be pitched before the archers, and on every side the footmen like an hedge, to the intent that if the barde horses ran rashly upon them, they might shortly be gored and destroyed.

The Frenchmen little or nothing regarding the small number of the English nation, were of such haughty courage and proud stomachs that they took no thought for the battle, as who say they were victors and overcomers before any stroke was stricken, and laughed at the English men, and for very pride though themselves lifted into heaven, jesting and boasting that they had the Englishmen enclosed in a strait, and had overcome them and taken them without any resistance. The captains determined how to divide the spoil, the soldiers played for the Englishmen at dice, the noblemen devised a chariot how they might triumphantly convey King Henry, being captive, to the city of Paris I may not forget how the Frenchmen, being in this pleasant pastime, sent a herald to King Henry to inquire what ransom he would offer, and how he answered that within two or three hours he hoped that it should so happen that the Frenchmen should come rather with the Englishmen how to be redeemed, than the Englishmen should take thought how to pay any ransom or money for their deliverance, ascertaining them for himself that his dead carrion should rather be their prey than his living body should pay any ransom.

In the morning, Mountjoy, King-at-Arms, and four heralds came to King Henry to know the number of prisoners and to desire burial for them which were slain. Before he could make any answer to the heralds, he, remembering that it is more honorable to be praised of his enemies than to be extoled of his friends, and he that praiseth himself lacketh loving neighbors, wherefore he demanded of them why they made to him that request, considering that he knew not certainly whether the praise and the victory were meet to be attributed to him or to their nation. Oh, Lord, quoth Mountjoy, King-at-Arms, think you us officers of arms to be rude and bestial persons? we say, determine, and affirm that the victory is yours, the honor is yours, and yours is the glory, advising you, as you have manfully gotten it, so politically to use it. Well, said the King, seeing this is your determination, I willingly accept the same, desiring you to know the name of the castle near adjoining. When they had answered that it was called Agincourt, he said that this conflict should be called the Battle of Agincourt, which victory hath not been obtained by us nor our power, but only by the sufferance of God, for injury and untruth that we have received at the hands of your prince and his nation.

But surely by the relation of the heralds and declaration of other notable persons worthy of credit there were slain on the French part above ten thousand persons, whereof were princes and nobles bearing banners one hundred twenty six, and all the remnant, saving sixteen hundred, were knights esquires and gentlemen, so of noblemen and gentlemen were slain eight thousand four hundred, of the which five hundred were dubbed knights the night before the battle.

Of Englishmen at this battle were slain Edward, Duke of York, the Earl of Suffolk, Sir Richard Chichele and Davy Gam, Esquire, and of all other not above twenty-five, if you will give credit to such as write miracles. But other writers, whom I sooner believe, affirm that there was slain above five or six hundred persons, which is not unlikely considering that the battle was earnestly and furiously fought by the space of three long hours, wherefore it is not incredible nor impossible but more Englishmen than five and twenty were slain and destroyed.

The next day all such as were appointed repaired toward the pavilion ordained for the consultation. Where the King, like a prince of great stomach and no less good behavior, received humbly the French queen and her daughter and them honorably embraced and familiarly kissed. After the King’s requests made and his demands declared, the French queen and her company took leave lovingly of the King of England and returned to Pontoise to certify her husband of her demands and claims. The next day after they assembled again, and the French part brought with them the lady Katherine, only to the intent that the King of England, seeing and beholding so fair a lady and so minion a damsel, should so be inflamed and rapt in love that he, to obtain so beautiful an espouse, should the sooner agree to a gentle peace and loving composition.

And after he had reposed himself, King Henry went to visit the king of France, the queen and the lady Katherine, whom he found in Saint Peter’s Church. and on the third day of June next following they were with all solemnity espoused and married in the same church. At which marriage the Englishmen made such triumphs, pomps and pageants as though the king of all the world had been present. La, so much (as three French writers affirm) that the nobles of France more marveled at the honor and glory of the Englishmen than they disdained or maligned at their own fortune.

And when these solemn ceremonies were honorably finished and the marriage consummated, the two kings and their council assembled together diverse days, wherein the former league and treaty was in diverse points altered and brought to a certainty by the device of the King of England and his brethren. When this great matter was finished, the kings swore for their part to observe this agreement and league in all points. Likewise swore the duke of Burgundy and a great number of princes and nobles which were present, and that the sooner because they marveled before at his noble acts done by King Henry of whom they had knowledge only by report, and now they more marveled when they saw and beheld the honor, estate, and wisdom of his person.