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Queen’s Men Editions

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Peter Cockett is an associate professor in the iArts (Integrated Arts) program at McMaster University. He is the co-editor, with Melinda Gough, of Engendering the Stage in the Age of Shakespeare and Beyond (University of Toronto Press, 2025) which publishes the findings of their 2018 Performance as Research (PaR) workshop at the Stratford Festival Lab. He is the general editor (performance), and technical co-ordinating editor of Queen’s Men Editions. His PaR directing credits include King Leir, The Famous Victories of Henry V, and Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay (2006), Clyomon and Clamydes (2010), and Three Ladies of London (2015) for the Shakespeare and the Queen’s Men project (SQM). The process behind the 2006 productions is documented in depth on the project website Performing the Queen’s Men. For the PLS, the University of Toronto’s Medieval and Renaissance Players, he has directed the Digby Mary Magdalene (2003) and the double bill of George Peele’s The Old Wives Tale and the Chester Antichrist (2004). He also directed An Experiment in Elizabethan Comedy (2005) for the SQM project and Inside Out: The Persistence of Allegory (2008) in collaboration with Alan Dessen. Peter is a professional actor and director with numerous stage and screen credits. He can be contacted at cockett@mcmaster.ca.

 Tracey El Hajj Tracey El Hajj

Junior Programmer 2019–2020. Research Associate 2020–2021. Tracey received her PhD from the Department of English at the University of Victoria in the field of Science and Technology Studies. Her research focuses on the algorhythmics of networked communications. She was a 2019–2020 President’s Fellow in Research-Enriched Teaching at UVic, where she taught an advanced course on Artificial Intelligence and Everyday Life. Tracey was also a member of the Map of Early Modern London team, between 2018 and 2021. Between 2020 and 2021, she was a fellow in residence at the Praxis Studio for Comparative Media Studies, where she investigated the relationships between artificial intelligence, creativity, health, and justice. As of July 2021, Tracey has moved into the alt-ac world for a term position, while also teaching in the English Department at the University of Victoria.

 Mahayla Galliford Mahayla Galliford

Project Manager, 2025-present; Assistant Project Manager, 2024-2025; Research Assistant, 2021-present. Mahayla Galliford (she/her) graduated from the University of Victoria with a BA (honours with distinction) in 2024, and an MA English in 2026. Mahayla’s undergraduate research explored early modern stage directions and civic water pageantry. Her SSHRC-funded MA thesis project focuses on transcribing, editing, and encoding early modern girls’ manuscripts, specifically Lady Rachel Fane’s May Masque in collaboration with LEMDO.

 Andrew Griffin Andrew Griffin

Andrew Griffin is an associate professor in the department of English and an affiliate professor in the department of Theater and Dance at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He is general editor (text) of Queen’s Men Editions. He studies early modern drama and early modern historiography while serving as the lead editor at the EMC Imprint. He has co-edited with Helen Ostovich and Holger Schott Syme Locating the Queen’s Men (2009) and has co-edited The Making of a Broadside Ballad (2016) with Patricia Fumerton and Carl Stahmer. His monograph, Untimely Deaths in Renaissance Drama: Biography, History, Catastrophe, was published with the University of Toronto Press in 2019. He is editor of the anonymous The Chronicle History of King Leir (Queen’s Men Editions, 2011). He can be contacted at griffin@english.ucsb.edu.

 Martin Holmes Martin Holmes

Martin Holmes has worked as a developer in the UVic’s Humanities Computing and Media Centre for over two decades, and has been involved with dozens of Digital Humanities projects. He has served on the TEI Technical Council and as Managing Editor of the Journal of the TEI. He took over from Joey Takeda as lead developer on LEMDO in 2020. He is a collaborator on the SSHRC Partnership Grant led by Janelle Jenstad.

 Janelle Jenstad Janelle Jenstad

Janelle Jenstad is a Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of The Map of Early Modern London, and Director of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Beatrice Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media: Old Words, New Tools (Routledge). She has edited John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Elizabethan Theatre, Early Modern Literary Studies, Shakespeare Bulletin, Renaissance and Reformation, and The Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies. She contributed chapters to Approaches to Teaching Othello (MLA); Teaching Early Modern Literature from the Archives (MLA); Institutional Culture in Early Modern England (Brill); Shakespeare, Language, and the Stage (Arden); Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate); New Directions in the Geohumanities (Routledge); Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter); Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana); Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota); Rethinking Shakespeare Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge); and Civic Performance: Pageantry and Entertainments in Early Modern London (Routledge). For more details, see janellejenstad.com.

 Kate LeBere Kate LeBere KL

Project Manager, 2020–2021. Assistant Project Manager, 2019–2020. Textual Remediator and Encoder, 2019–2021. Kate LeBere completed her BA (Hons.) in History and English at the University of Victoria in 2020. During her degree she published papers in The Corvette (2018), The Albatross (2019), and PLVS VLTRA (2020) and presented at the English Undergraduate Conference (2019), Qualicum History Conference (2020), and the Digital Humanities Summer Institute’s Project Management in the Humanities Conference (2021). While her primary research focus was sixteenth and seventeenth century England, she completed her honours thesis on Soviet ballet during the Russian Cultural Revolution. She is currently a student at the University of British Columbia’s iSchool, working on her masters in library and information science.

 Toby Malone Toby Malone

Toby Malone is an Australian/Canadian academic, dramaturg, and librarian. He is a graduate of the University of Toronto (PhD, 2009) and the University of Western Australia (BA Hons, 2001), and the University of Western Ontario (MLIS, 2023). He has worked as a theatre artist across the world, with companies including the Stratford Festival, Canadian Stage, Soulpepper, Driftwood Theatre Group, the Shaw Festival, Poorboy Theatre Scotland, Pittsburgh Public Theatre, Arizona Theatre Company, CBC, BT/A, and Kill Shakespeare Entertainment. He has published in Shakespeare Survey, Literature/Film Quarterly, Canadian Theatre Review, Borrowers and Lenders, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature, appears in published collections with Routledge, Cambridge, and Oxford. Publications include two monographs: dapting War Horse (Palgrave McMillan) and Cutting Plays for Performance: A Practical and Accessible Guide (Routledge), and is currently co-writing an updated version of Shakespeare in Performance: Romeo and Juliet with Jill L. Levenson for Manchester UP. Toby has previously taught at the University of Waterloo and the State University of New York at Oswego, is currently Research Impact Librarian at Toronto Metropolitan University.

Helen Ostovich Helen Ostovich

Helen Ostovich, professor emerita of English at McMaster University, is the founder and general editor of Queen’s Men Editions. She is a general editor of The Revels Plays (Manchester University Press); Series Editor of Studies in Performance and Early Modern Drama (Ashgate, now Routledge), and series co-editor of Late Tudor and Stuart Drama (MIP); play-editor of several works by Ben Jonson, in Four Comedies: Ben Jonson (1997); Every Man Out of his Humour (Revels 2001); and The Magnetic Lady (Cambridge 2012). She has also edited the Norton Shakespeare 3 The Merry Wives of Windsor Q1602 and F1623 (2015); The Late Lancashire Witches and A Jovial Crew for Richard Brome Online, revised for a 4-volume set from OUP 2021; The Ball, for the Oxford Complete Works of James Shirley (2021); The Merry Wives of Windsor for Internet Shakespeare Editions, and The Dutch Courtesan (with Erin Julian) for the Complete Works of John Marston, OUP 2022. She has published many articles and book chapters on Jonson, Shakespeare, and others, and several book collections, most recently Magical Transformations of the Early Modern English Stage with Lisa Hopkins (2014), and the equivalent to book website, Performance as Research in Early English Theatre Studies: The Three Ladies of London in Context containing scripts, glossary, almost fifty conference papers edited and updated to essays; video; link to Queen’s Mens Ediitons and YouTube: http://threeladiesoflondon.mcmaster.ca/contexts/index.htm, 2015. Recently, she was guest editor of Strangers and Aliens in London ca 1605, Special Issue on Marston, Early Theatre 23.1 (June 2020). She can be contacted at ostovich@mcmaster.ca.

 Jennifer Parr Jennifer Parr

Jennifer Parr holds a Masters degree in European and Renaissance Drama from the University of Warwick. She is an independent scholar and professional director and dramaturge based in Toronto. As an undergraduate at the University of Toronto she became involved as an actor with the P.L.S. Medieval and Renaissance Players’ productions of the Medieval Mystery Cycles returning later to direct an all female company in the York Cycle Fall of the Angels for the international full cycle production in 1998. Her recent productions as director and dramaturge include an all female Julius Caesar and an experimental all female adaptation of Richard III: RIchard 3, Queens 4. Her ongoing research into the historical Richard III and the various theatrical interpretations led to her joining the company of TTR3 as an observer and historical resource for the cast. She also writes a monthly column on music theatre and dance for The WholeNote magazine.

 Jennifer Roberts-Smith Jennifer Roberts-Smith

Jennifer Roberts-Smith is an associate professor of theatre and performance at the University of Waterloo. Her interdisciplinary work in early modern performance editing combines textual scholarship, performance as research, archival theatre history, and design in the development of live and virtual renderings of early modern performance texts, venues, and practices. With Janelle Jenstad and Mark Beatrice Kaethler, she is co-editor of Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media: Old Words New Tools (2018). Her most recent work has focused on methods for design research that deepen interdisciplinary understanding and take a relational approach. She is currently managing director of the qCollaborative (the critical feminist design research lab housed in the University of Waterloo’s Games Institute, and leads the SSHRC-funded Theatre for Relationality and Design for Peace projects. She is also creative director and virtual reality development cluster lead for the Digital Oral Histories for Reconciliation (DOHR) project. She can be contacted at jennifer.roberts-smith@uwaterloo.ca.

 Samuel Seaberg Samuel Seaberg

Samuel Seaberg, a University of Victoria English undergrad, enjoys riding his bike. During the summer of 2025, he began working with LEMDO as a recipient of the Valerie Kuehne Undergraduate Research Award (VKURA). Unfortunately, due to his summer being spent primarily in working to establish an edition of Thomas Heywood’s If You Know Not Me, You Know Nobody, Part 2 and consequently working out how to represent multi-text works in a digital space, his bike has suffered severely of sheltered seclusion from the sun. Note: Samuel now works for LEMDO as the Assistant Project Manager, much to his bike’s chagrin.

 Dimitry Senyshyn Dimitry Senyshyn

Dimitry Senyshyn (Clyomon and Clamydes, text) has current research focusing on Shakespeare’s tragicomic romances and their relation to a native tradition of popular romance. He has co-edited an old-spelling edition of The True Tragedie of Richard the Third for QME with Jennifer Robert-Smith. He contributed to the preparation of the REED Inns of Court volume, and he has published in Theatre Research in Canada, Early Theatre, and the Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception. He can be contacted at dimitry.senyshyn@gmail.com.

 Joey Takeda Joey Takeda

Joey Takeda is LEMDO’s Consulting Programmer and Designer, a role he assumed in 2020 after three years as the Lead Developer on LEMDO.

 Nicole Vatcher Nicole Vatcher NV

Technical Documentation Writer, 2020–2022. Nicole Vatcher completed her BA (Hons.) in English at the University of Victoria in 2021. Her primary research focus was women’s writing in the modernist period.

 Anonymous Polydore Vergil Polydore Vergil OED: The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 1989. Vergil, Polydore. Three Books of Polydore Vergil’s English History, Comprising the Reigns of Henry VI., Edward IV., and Richard III. Edited by Sir Henry Ellis. London: The Camden Society, 1844. LEMDO Team The LEMDO Team is based at the University of Victoria and normally comprises the project director, the lead developer, project manager, junior developers(s), remediators, encoders, and remediating editors. University of Victoria https://www.uvic.ca/ QME Editorial Board

The QME Editorial Board consists of Helen Ostovich, General Editor; Peter Cockett, General Editor (Performance); Andrew Griffin, General Editor (Text); and Janelle Jenstad General Editor (Text).
Source

Modernized excerpts of Anglia Historia (Vergil).

Richard, in the meantime, according as his force and tyranny well required, was afeared least that many should become the queen’s friends, and procure the commonaltyPeople of the nation, the common people (OED commonalty, n. 1.a). to commotion, when they should see the crown bereft from prince Edward; therefore he commanded forthwith five thousand soldiers which were levied in Yorkshire (for to them he most trusted) to be sent unto him, under the conduct of Richard Ratcliffe, and gave to him in charge to dispatch divers things by the way. He, guarded with that company, stayed at Pontefract, and commanded the keeper of the castle to put to death Anthony lord Rivers, Richard Gray, and Thomas Vaughan, as the Gloucestrian had commanded (according as I have before written), that by reason of his presence such an horrible fact might be executed without uproar, which done, he conducted his company to London. Richard, thus guarded with that number of faithful and trusty soldiers, attempted confidently to execute all other things. And so, having assembled together a company of the nobility, he was created king at Westminster the day before the nones of July, and adorned with the regal diadem, together with Anne his wife, the people rather not repiningExpressing dissatisfaction or discontent (OED repine, v. 1). for fear than allowing thereof, and was called Richard the III. That was the year of man’s salvation.

Wherefore he sent warrant to Robert Brakenbury, lieutenant of the Tower of London, to procure the Princes’ death with all diligence, by some mean convenient.Easy method. From thence he departed to York, where he was joyfully received of the citizens, who for his coming made certain days public and open triumph; but king Richard, that he might advance himself openly to all men, yea to the country people (so desirous was he to prowl after vain applause and congratulation), denouncedProclaimed (OED denounce, v. 4.b). a day wherein the archbishop of York, at his request, appointed general procession, in the solemnity whereof himself and the queen went crowned. King Richard carried with him Edward earl of Warwick, the son of his brother George duke of Clarence, by reason of whom least any danger might to himself be derived, he sent him to be kept in ward at a castle called Sheriff Hutton. But the lieutenant of the Tower at London after he had received the king’s horrible commission was astonished with the cruelty of the fact, and fearing lest if he should obey the same might at one time or other turn to his own harm, did therefore defer the doing thereof in hope that the king would spare his own blood, or their tender age, or alter that heavy determination. But any one of those points was so far from taking place, seeing that the mind therein remained immovable, as that when king Richard understood the lieutenant to make delay of that which he had commanded, he anonImmediately. committed the charge of hastening that slaughter unto another, that is to say James Tyrrell, who, being forced to do the king’s commandment, rode sorrowfully to London, and, to the worst example that hath been almost ever heard of, murdered those babes of the issue royal.

While king Richard was thus occupied in so great trouble of mind and alteration of devices for fear of stir to come, beholdFortress (OED hold, n.1 10). he heard that the same was broken out, for he had intelligence that the castle of HammesA now-demolished English fortress that lay to the south of Calais. held with Henry by men of the earl of Oxford, and that he, with James Blunt, captain thereof, were fled to Henry himself; wherefore thinking it best to withstand the beginning, he sent forthwith to recover the hold, a good part of the garrison which was at Calais. Those who were within the castle, when they saw the adversary approach, armed themselves quickly to the defense, and anon sent messengers to earl Henry to demand aid. Henry without delay commanded the earl of Oxford with choice soldiers to go and held his friends, who in their first arrival encamped themselves not far from the castle; the while they held their enemy’s intentiveAttention, focus (OED intentive, adj. 1). upon that part, Thomas Brandon, with thirty valiant men, entered the castle by the marsh, which joineth unto the place. Then they who were within, having received new supply, skirmishedFought in small groups. with the enemy from the wall more sharply than before. The earl of Oxford also at their backs was no less earnest; whereby it fell out that the enemies of their own free will gave unto the besieged free liberty to depart with bag and baggage, which condition the earl of Oxford, who came for that end to deliver his friends from danger, and especially the wife of James, the captain thereof, did not refuse, but leaving the castle returned safe with his company to Paris.

Then Henry, thinking it needful to make haste, that his friends should not be any longer kept in perplexity between hope and dread, uncertain what to do, after he had made his prayers to God that he might have an happy and prosperous journey, he loosedWeighed anchor (OED loose, v. 3). from the mouth of Seine with two thousand only of armed men and a few ships, the calendsFirst day. of August, and with a soft southern wind. The weather being very fair he came unto Wales the 7th day after, a little before sunset, where, entering the haven called Milford, and forthwith going a-land, he took first a place the name whereof is Dale,A small village in Pembrokeshire. where he heard that certain companies of his adversaries had had their stations the winter bypassed to have kept him from landing. From thence departing in the break of day he went to Haverford,The village of Haverfordwest. which is a town not ten miles from Dale, where he was received with great goodwill of all men, and the same he did with such celeritySwiftness, speed (OED celerity, n. 1). as that he was present and spoken of all at once. Here he understandeth that Richard Thomas and John Savage, with all their force and friends, did help king Richard to the uttermost of their power, clean contrary to that he was certified of in Normandy. But the inhabitants of Pembroke, at the same very time, comforted all their dismayed minds, for they gave intelligence, by Arnold Butler, a valiant man, demanding forgiveness of their former offences, that they were ready to serve Jasper, their earl. Henry, his army thus augmented, departed from Haverford, and goeth forward five miles toward Cardigan.The village of Cardigan. The while the soldiers refreshed themselves hear of rumor was suddenly spread through the whole camp, the author whereof was uncertain, that Gwalter Herbert and those who were in camp at the town of Carmarthen were at hand with an huge army.

In the meantime king Richard, hearing that the enemy drew near, came first to the place of fight, a little beyond Leicester (the name of that village is Bosworth), and there, pitching his tents, refreshed his soldiers that night from their travel, and with many words exhorted them to the fight to come. It is reported that king Richard had that night a terrible dream; for he thought in his sleep that he saw horrible images as it were of evil spirits haunting evidentlyClearly, distinctly (OED evidently, adv. 1). about him, as it were before his eyes, and that they would not let him rest; which vision truly did not so much strike into his breast a sudden fear, as replenish the same with heavy cares: for forthwith after, being troubled in mind, his heart gave him the opinion that the eventResult, outcome. of the battle following would be grievous, and he did not buckleEquip, prepare (OED buckle, v. 2.a). himself to the conflict with such liveliness of courage and countenance as before, which heaviness that it should not be said he showed as appalled with fear of his enemies, he reported his dream to many in the morning. But (I believe) it was no dream, but a conscience guilty of heinous offences, a conscience (I say) so much the more grievous as the offences were more great, which, thought at none other time, yet in the last day of our life is wont to represent to us the memory of our sins committed, and withal to show unto us the pains imminent for the same, that, being upon good cause penitent at that instant for our evil-led life, we may be compelled to go hence in heaviness of heart.

Now I return to my purpose. The next day after, king Richard, furnished thoroughly with all manner of things, drew his whole hostArmy. out of their tents, and arrayeth his vaward,Vanguard, leading group of soldiers (OED vaward, n. 1.a). stretching it forth of a wonderful length, so full replenished both with footmen and horsemen that to the beholders afar off it gave a terror for the multitudeSize of the army., and in the front were placed his archers, like a most strong trench and bulwark;Defense, safeguard (OED bulwark, n. 2). of these archers he made leader John duke of Norfolk. After this long vaward followed the king himself, with a choiceSelect. force of soldiers. In this meantime Henry, being departed back from the conference with his friends, began to take better heart, and without any tarryDelay. encamped himself nigh his enemies, where he rested all night, and well early in the morning commanded the soldiers to arm themselves, sending withal to Thomas Stanley, who was now approached the place of fight, as in the midway betwixt the two battles, that he would come to with his forces, to set the soldiers in array.Provide reinforcement. He answered that the earl should set his own folks in order, while that he should come to him with his army well appointed. With which answer, given contrary to that was looked for, and to that which the opportunity of time and weight of cause required, though Henry were no little vexed, and began to be somewhat appalled,Concerned. yet without lingering he of necessity ordered his men in this sort. He made a slender vaward for the small number of his people; before the same he placed archers, of whom he made captain John earl of Oxford; in the right wing of the vaward he placed Gilbert Talbot to defend the same; in the left verily he sat John Savage; and himself, trusting to the aid of Thomas Stanley, with one troop of horsemen, and a few footmen did follow; for the number of all his soldiers, all manner of ways, was scarce 5,000 besides the Stanleyans, whereof about 3,000 were at the battle, under the conduct of William. The king’s forces were twice so many and more. Thus both the vawards being arrayed, as soon as the soldiers might one see another afar off, they put on their head-pieces and prepared to the fight, expecting the alarmCall to battle. with attentive ear. There was a marsh betwixt both hosts, which Henry of purpose left on the right hand, that it might serve his men instead of a fortress, by the doing thereof also he left the sun upon his back; but when the king saw the enemies passed the marsh, he commanded his soldiers to give charge upon them. They making suddenly great shouts assaulted the enemy first with arrows, who were nothing faint unto the fight but began also to shoot fiercely; but when they came to hand-strokes, the matter then was dealt with blades. In the meantime, the earl of Oxford, fearing lest his men in fighting might be environed of the multitude, commanded in every rank that no soldiers should go above ten foot from the standards;Flags featuring Henry’s colors, rallying points (OED standard, n. a.1.1.a). which charge being known, when all men had throng thick together, and stayed awhile fromPaused in. fighting, the adversaries were therewith afeared, supposing some fraud, and so they all forbore the fight a certain space, and that verily did many with right goodwill, who rather coveted the king dead than alive, and therefore fought faintly.At less than full effort. Then the earl of Oxford in one part, and others in another part, with the bands of men close one to another, gave fresh charge upon the enemy, and in array triangle vehemently renewed the conflict. While the battle continued thus hot on both sides betwixt the vawards, king Richard understood, first by espials,Reconnaissance. where earl Henry was afar off, with small force of soldiers about him; then after drawing nearer he knew it perfectly by evident signs and tokens that it was Henry; wherefor, all inflamed with ire, he struck his horse with the spurs, and runneth out of the one side without the vawards against him. Henry perceived king Richard come upon him, and because all his hope was then in valiancy of arms,Bravery in hand-to-hand combat. he received him with great courage. King Richard, at the first brunt, killed certain, overthrewKnocked down. Henry’s standard, together with William Brandon, the standard-bearer, and matched also with John Cheney, a man of much fortitude, far exceeding the common sort, who encounteredConfronted. with him as he came, but the king with great force drove him to the ground, making wayClearing a path. with weapon on every side. But yet Henry abode the brunt longer than ever his own soldiers would have thought, who were now almost out of hope of victory, when as lo, William Stanley, with three thousand men came to the rescue: then truly in a very moment the residueRemainder, rest. all fled, and king Richard alone was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies. In the meantime also the earl of Oxford after a little bickeringExchange of blows, skirmishing (OED bicker, v. 1.a). put to flight them that fought in the forward, whereof a great company were killed in the chase. But many more forbore to fight, who came to the field with king Richard for awe,Out of fear. and for no goodwill, and departed without any danger, as men who desired not the safetySuccess, victory. but destruction of that prince whom they hated. there were killed about a thousand men, and amongst them of noblemen of war John duke of Norfolk, Gwalter L. Ferris, Robert Brakenbury, Richard Ratcliffe and many more. Two days after at Leicester, William Catesby, lawyer, with a few that were his fellows, were executed. And of those that took them to their fate Francis L. Lovell, Humphrey Stafford, with Thomas his brother and much more company, fled into the sanctuary of St. John,St. John abbey, Colchester. which is at Colchester, a town by the seaside in Essex. As for the number of captives, it was very great; for when king Richard was killed, all men forthwithImmediately. threw away weapon, and freely submitted themselves to Henry’s obeisance,Authority, subject of homage (OED obeisance, n. 2.a). whereof the most part would have done the same at the beginning, if for king Richard’s scurriers,Scouts, spies (OED scurrier, n.1). scouring to and fro, they might so have done. Amongst them the chief were Henry earl of Northumberland, and Thomas earl of Surrey. This man was committed to ward,Prison. where he remained long; he as friend in heart was received into favor. Henry lost in that battle scarce a hundred soldiers, amongst whom there was one principal man, William Brandon, who bore earl Henry’s standard. The field was foughtenFought upon. the 11th calends of September, in the year of man’s salvation, and the fight lasted more than two hours.

The report is that king Richard might have sought to save himself by flight;Running away. for they who were about him, seeing the soldiers even from the first stroke to lift up their weapons feebly and faintly, and some of them to depart the field privily,Secretly, stealthily. suspected treason, and exhorted him to fly, yea and when the matter began manifestly to quail,Break down (OED quail, v.2 2.a). they brought him swift horses; but he, who was not ignorant that the people hated him, out of hope to have any better hapFortune. afterward, is said to have answered, that that very day he would make end either of war or life, such great fierceness and such huge force of mind he had: wherefore, knowing certainly that that day would ether yield him a peaceable and quiet realm from thenceforth or else perpetually bereaveStrip, rob (OED bereave, v. 1.a). him the same, he came to the field with the crown upon his head, that thereby he might either make a beginning or end of his reign. And so the miserable man had suddenly such end as wont is to happen to them that have right and law both of God and man in like estimation, as will, impiety, and wickedness. Surely these are more vehement examples by much than is able to be uttered with tongue to terrify those men which suffer no time to pass free from some heinous offence, cruelty, or mischief.

Henry, after the victory obtained, gave forthwith thanks unto Almighty God for the same; then after, replenished with joy incredible, he got himself unto the next hill, where, after he had commended his solders, and commanded to cureMinister medical aid to. the wounded, and to bury them that were slain, he gave unto the nobility and gentlemen immortalUndying, endless (OED immortal, n. 1.a). thanks, promising that he would be mindful of their benefits, all which mean while the soldiers cried, God save king Henry, God save king Henry, and with heart and hand uttered all the show of joy that might be; which, when Thomas Stanley did see, he set anon king Richard’s crown, which was found among the spoilCaptured items. in the field, upon his head, as though he had been already by commandment of the people proclaimed king after the manner of his ancestors, and that was the first sign of prosperity. After that, commanding to pack up all bag and baggage, Henry with his victorious army proceeded in the evening to Leicester, where, for refreshing of his soldiers from their travail and pains, and to prepare for going to London, he tarried two days. In the meantime the body of king Richard naked of all clothing, and laid upon an horseback with the arms and legs hanging down on both sides, was brought to the abbey of monks Franciscans at Leicester, a miserable spectacle in good sooth,Truth. but not unworthy for the man’s life, and there was buried two days after without any pomp or solemn funeral.