Hall’s Chronicle
Introduction
Para1Edward Hall’s history, The vnion of the two noble and illustre
famelies of Lancastre and Yorke, provided the primary source for the chronicle later
assembled by Holinshed and his collaborators, although Shakespeare seems to have
encountered it only indirectly through Holinshed and through The
Famous Victories. Though Hall’s account of Henry V’s life—titled in
Hall’s text
The victorious acts of King Henry the Fifth—is echoed, sometimes nearly verbatim, by Holinshed, there are intriguing points of divergence: Henry and Catherine are married before the treaty of Troyes in Hall, but only after the French swear fealty to Henry in Holinshed; the hungry soldier who robs a church is executed in Hall for irreverently eating the host, while the more reformed history of Holinshed has him killed for mere theft; Hall is less sure than Holinshed about the veracity of the anecdotal tennis ball embassy.
Para2Hall, as his title suggests, sees the history of the English monarchy as
providentially directed and culminating in the divinely sanctioned Tudor monarchy,
but he also reads history as a series of instructive vignettes. Hall’s narrative
voice is unrelentingly didactic, and each of the speaking characters in the chronicle
is himself a
chronographer,a studious interpreter of history. Hall assumes that later monarchs—those he describes and those he intends as his reading audience—have read history didactically and will continue to do so; thus Henry V, he argues, must have learned a moral lesson from the unfortunate reigns of Edward II and Richard II, and Agincourt becomes a “mirror to Christian princes” demonstrating proper humility before God’s power.
Para3The selections below provide some sense of these attributes of Hall’s text,
and are useful for comparison with Holinshed, particularly the accounts of the
parliamentary speeches of Canterbury, Westmorland, and Exeter and the pre-battle
orations by the Constable of France and King Henry, all fuller than and substantially
different from the records of the speeches in Holinshed.
What Kings Should Be (fol. 33hi)
Para5This prince was almost the Arabical phoenix,1 and amongst
his predecessors a very paragon. For that he amongst all governors chiefly did
remember that a king ought to be a ruler with wit, gravity, circumspection,
diligence, and constancy, and for that cause to have a rule to him committed not
for an honour, but for an onerous2 charge
and daily burden, and not to look so much on other men’s livings as to consider
and remember his own doings and proper acts. For which cause he, not too much
trusting to the readiness of his own wit nor judgements of his own wavering will,
called to his council such prudent and politic personages the which should not
only help to ease his charge and pain in supporting the burden of his realm and
empire, but also incense and instruct him with such good reasons and fruitful
persuasions that he might show himself a singular mirror and manifest example of
moral virtues and good qualities to his common people and loving subjects. For it
is daily seen that a vicious prince doth much more hurt with his pernicious
example to other than to himself by his own peculiar offence. For it is not so
much evil, as Cicero sayeth, (although it be evil in itself) a prince to do evil,
as he by his evil doings to corrupt other, because it is daily seen that as
princes change the people altereth, and as kings go the subjects follow. For
certainly he that is preferred3 to high
authority is therefore much exalted and had in honour, that he should rule,
oversee, and correct the manners and conditions of the people, and vigilantly to
foresee and daily study how to acquire to himself
laud4 and glory, and to other profit and commodity,
and not to delight in worldly pleasures, which are common amongst the lowest sort
of the
vile and rustical people. And he that will do nothing nor can do nothing is more worthy
to be called a servant than a ruler, and a subject rather than a governor. For
what can be more shame or reproach to a prince than he which ought to govern and
rule other shall by cowardness, sloth, and ignorance—as a pupil not of eight or
ten years of age, but being of twenty or thirty years and more—shall be
compelled to obey and follow the wills of other, and be ruled and bear no rule,
like a ward and not like a guardian, like a servant and not like a master. Such a
governor was King Richard the Second, which of himself being not of the most evil
disposition, was not of so simple a mind, nor of such debility of wit, nor yet of
so little heart and courage but he might have demanded and learned good and
profitable counsel, and after advice taken, kept, retained, and followed the same.
But howsoever it was, unprofitable counsellors were his confusion and final
perdition. Such another ruler was King Edward the Second, which two before-named
kings fell from the high glory of Fortune’s wheel to extreme misery and miserable
calamity. By whose infortunate chance, as I think, this King Henry being
admonished, expulsed from him his old playfellows, his privy sycophants5 and ungracious guard as authors
and procurers of all mischiefs and riot, and assigned into their places men of
gravity, persons of activity, and counsellors of great wit and policy […]
Canterbury’s Salic Law Argument (fol. 35v-37v)
Para6On a day when the king was present in the
parliament, Henry Chicheley Archbishop of Canterbury, thereto newly preferred,
which beforetime had been a monk of the Carthusians, a man which had professed
wilful poverty in religion, and yet coming abroad much desired honor; and a man
much regarding God’s law, but more loving his own
lucre.6 After low
obeisance7 made to the king, he said
after this manner in effect:
Para7“When I consider, our most entirely beloved and less8
dread9 sovereign lord and natural
prince, the loving mind, the daily labour, and continual study which you
incessantly implore both for the advancement of the honour of your realm and
also profit of your people, I cannot, nor ought nor—except I would be noted
not only ingrate to your royal person, being my patron and preferrer, but also
a neglecter of my duty, a secret mummer10
of such things which touch both the inheritance of your crown and the honour of
your realm—either hold my peace or keep silence. For all authors agree that
the glory of kings consisteth not only in high blood and haut11 progeny, not in abundant riches and
superfluous substance, nor in pleasant pastime and joyous solace.12 But the very type13 of the magnificence of a prince resteth in populous rich
regions, subjects, and beautiful cities and towns: of the which, thanked be
God, although you be conveniently furnished both within your realms of England
and Ireland and principality of Wales, yet by lineal descent, by progeny of
blood, and by very inheritance, not only the duchy of Normandy and Aquitaine
with the counties of Anjou and Maine and the country of Gascony are to14 you as true and undubitate15 heir of the same, lawfully
devoluted16 and lineally descended from
the high and most noble prince of famous memory King Edward the Third your
great-grandfather, but also the whole realm of France, with all his
prerogatives17 and preeminences,
to you as heir to your great-grandfather is of right belonging and
appertaining. In which realm, to rehearse18
what noble persons, what beautiful cities, what fertile regions, what
substantial merchants, and what plentiful rivers are contained and included, I
assure you that time should rather fail than matter19 for should
wax20
scant.”21
Para8“The fraudulent Frenchmen, to defraud and take away your right and
title to the realm of France, in the time of your noble progenitor22 King Edward the Third alleged a law,
untruly feigned, falsely glossed,23 and
sophistically24 expounded, whereof
the very words are these: In terram salicam mulieres ne
succedant, which is to say, “let not women succeed25 in the land
Salic.” This land Salic the deceitful glossers name to be the realm
of France. This law the logical interpreters assign to direct the crown and
regality of the same region, as who would say that to that preeminence no woman
were able to aspire, nor no heir female was worthy to inherit. The French
writers affirm that Pharamond,26 king of the French Gauls, first instituted this law, which
never was, should, or might be broken.”
Para9“See now how an evil gloss confoundeth27 the text and a partial interpreter marreth the sentence:
for first it is apparently known and by an hundred writers confirmed that
Pharamond, whom they allege to be author of this law, was Duke of Franconia in
Germany, and elected to be king of the Sicambres, which, calling themselves
Frenchmen, had gotten a part of the Gaul Celtic between the rivers of Marne and
Seine. This Pharamond deceased in the year of our lord four hundred and
twenty-seven; long after whose death, Charles the Great being emperor and many
years making war on the Saxons did in bloody battle disperse and confound the
whole puissance28 of that nation in
the year of our lord eight hundred and five, and brought them to the
catholic29 faith and Christian
conformity. After which victory certain soldiers, as the French
chronographers30 affirm, passed over
the water of Sala and there inhabited between the rivers of Elbe and Sala, and
were commonly called Sali Frenchmen or Sali Gauls, which country now is the
land of Meissen. This people had such displeasure at the unhonest fashions of
the German women that they made a law that the females should not succeed to
any inheritance within that land.”
Para10“Now with indifferent ears if you will note these two
points, you shall easily perceive that the law Salic was only feigned and
invented to put your noble progenitors and you from your lawful right and true
inheritance. For they say that Pharamond made the law for the land Salic, which
the gloss calleth France. Then I demand of Master Glosser, or rather Master
Doctor Commenter, if I may call a commenter an open liar, whether Pharamond,
which died four hundred twenty-one years before the Frenchmen possessed the
Gaul Salic and never saw or knew it, made a law of that thing which at that
time was not his nor inhabited by his people? Beside this, the realm of France,
which is your patrimony,31 is compact
of three Gauls—Belgic, Celtic, and Aquitaine—and no part of Salic: then may
the glosser expound as well that Gaul Belgic is the country of Britain as to
gloss that the land Salic is the whole realm and dominion of the crown of
France.”
Para11“Wonder it is to see how the Frenchmen juggle with this fantastical
law, following the crafty hazarders32
which use a play33 called “Seest Thou Me or Seest Thou Me Not”. For when King Pepin—which was
Duke of Brabant by his mother Begga, and Master of the Palace of France—coveted
the crown and sceptre of the realm, the French nation, not remembering
this infrangible34 law,
deposed Childeric the Third, the very heir male and undoubted child of the line
of Pharamond and Clovis, kings of France, by the counsel of Zachary, then
Bishop of Rome, and set up in throne this Pepin as next heir general, descended
of lady Blithild, daughter to king Clothair the First. Hugh Capet also, which
usurped the crown without right or reason on Charles Duke of Lorraine, the sole
heir male of the line and stock of Charles the Great, after that he had
shamefully murdered and in pitiful prison—by the procurement of the Bishop of
Orléans—destroyed the said Charles, to make his title seem true and appear
good, where indeed it was both evil and untrue, to blind the opinions of the
common people and to set a glass35 before their eyes, conveyed himself as heir
to the Lady Lingard, daughter to the King Charlemagne, son to Louis the
Emperor, which was son to Charles the Great King of France.”
Para12“King Louis also, the Ninth, whom the Frenchmen call Saint Louis,
being very heir to the said usurper Hugh Capet, could never be satisfied in his
conscience how he might justly keep and possess the crown and regality of the
realm of France till he was persuaded and fully instructed that Queen Isabelle
his grandmother was lineally descended of Lady Ermengarde, daughter and heir to
the above named Charles Duke of Lorraine, by the foresaid Hugh Capet of life
and realm wrongfully deprived. By the which marriage the blood and line of King
Charles the Great was again united and restored to the crown and sceptre of
France.”
Para13“So that it more clearer than the sun openly appeareth: the title
of King Pepin, the claim of Hugh Capet, the possession of King Louis, yea, and
of all the French kings to this day are derived, claimed, and conveyed from the
heir female; and yet they would bar36 you
as though your great-grandmother had been no woman nor heir female, but a
painted image or feigned shadow. If so many examples, if such copy of
precedents, collected out of your own histories and gathered out of your own
writers, suffice not to confound37 your
simple Salic law, invented by false fablers and crafty imaginers of you fabling
Frenchmen, then hear what God sayeth in the book of Numeri:38 ‘When a man dieth without a son, let
the inheritance descend to the daughter.’ If your princes call
themselves most Christian kings, let them follow the law of God before the law
of the Paynim39 Pharamond.”
Para14“Are not all laws discrepant40 from God’s laws evil, and to all Christian ears odious41 and noisome?42 Are French women descended of the blood royal no
Christians, and not worthy to inherit in the realm of France? Is the realm of
France more noble than the kingdom of Judah, of whom Christ descended by a
woman? When God said to Abraham that in one of his seed all nations should be
blessed, how came Christ of the seed of Abraham but only by that immaculate
virgin, his glorious mother? Likewise, when the Prophet Micah said, “Thou
tribe of Judah art not the least of estimation amongst the princes of Judah,
for out of thee shall come a captain which shall rule and direct my people
of Israel”, how descended Christ from the root of Jesse, and how was
he duke and captain of the Israelites, and how descended he of the line of
David, but only by his mother, a pure virgin and a married wife?”
Para15“Behold: by God’s law, women shall inherit. Behold: in France,
Frenchmen have inherited by the only43
line of the women. And yet Englishmen be prohibit to claim by the heir female,
contrary to the law44 of God and man. Wherefore regard
well, my sovereign lord, your just and true title to the realm of France, by
God’s law and man’s law to you lawfully devoluted as very heir to Queen
Isabelle your great-grandmother, daughter to king Philip the Fair and sister
and heir to three kings deceasing without any issue. Which inheritance of the
woman is declared to be just by the Mosaical law and used and approved by the
Gallican45 descent, as I have before
declared. Therefore for God’s sake lose not your patrimony; disherit not your
heirs; dishonour not yourself; diminish not your title, which your noble
progenitors so highly have esteemed. Wherefore advance forth your banner; fight
for your right; conquer your inheritance; spare not sword, blood, or fire. Your
war is just, your cause is good, and your claim true, and therefore
courageously set forward your war against your enemies. And to the intent that
we, your loving chaplains and obedient subjects of the spiritualty,46 would show ourselves willing and desiring
to aid you for the recovery of your ancient right and true title to the crown
of France, we have in our spiritual convocation47 granted to your highness such a sum of money as never by no
spiritual persons was to any prince before your days given or advanced, beside
our daily prayers and continual precations to God and his Saints for prosperous
success to ensue in your martial exploit and royal passage.”
Scotland, France, and the Auld Alliance (fol. 37v-41)
Para16When the archbishop had finished his prepared purpose, Ralph Earl of
Westmorland, a man of no less gravity than experience and of no more experience
than stomach,48 which was then
high warden of the marches49 toward
Scotland, and therefore thinking that if the king should pass over into France
with his whole puissance that his power should be too weak to withstand the
strength of Scotland if they should invade during the king’s absence. Wherefore he
rose up, and making his obeisance to the king, said: “Surely, sir, as my
lord of Canterbury hath clerkly50 declared, the conquest of France is very honourable, and when
it is gotten and obtained, very profitable and pleasant. But saving your
grace’s reformation,51 I say and affirm
that to conquer Scotland is more necessary, more apparent easy, and more
profitable to this realm than is the gain of France. For although I am not so
well learned as my lord archbishop is, nor have not proceeded to degree in the
university, yet I have read, and heard great clerks52 say, that strength knit and combined together is of more
force and efficacy than when it is severed and dispersed. As for an example,
sprinkle a vessel of water and it moisteth53 not, but cast it out wholly together and it both washeth
and nourisheth. This notable saying before this time hath encouraged emperors,
animated kings, and allured princes to conquer realms to them adjoining, to
vanquish nations to their dominions adjacent, to subdue people either necessary
for their purpose or being to them daily enemies or continual adversaries. For
proof whereof, behold what was the chief cause and occasion why rulers and
governors so sore laboured, thirsted, and coveted to bring all regions to them
adjoining into one rule or monarchy? Was it not done to this intent: that the
conquerors might have the only power and entire gubernation54 of all the lands and people within their
climate, and govern them in time of peace and also have their aid in time of
war? Which monarchy was of that majesty and estimation in the world that no
other foreign prince or exterior potentate either had audacity or was able to
attempt any thing within the territory or region of the monarchial prince and
adjourned king?”
Para17“Let the kingdom of the Assyrians be your example, and if that
suffice not, then look on the Persians, after on the Greeks, and lastly on the
Romans, which ever desired and coveted more to have the little isle of Sicily,
the territory of the Numidians and the mean city of the Samnites (being daily
within their kenning and smell), rather than to obtain populous Gaul, plenteous
Pannony, or manly Macedony (lying far from sight and out of their circle or
compass). This desire seemeth to rise of a great prudent and vigilant policy,
for as a prince is of more puissance when his countries join, so is he of more
strength when his power is at hand.55 And
as men lacking comfort be more relieved by friends which be present than by
kinsfolk dwelling in foreign and regions far off, so princes have commonly
coveted and ever desired to see and behold their dominions lying near about
them, rather than to hear by report from the countries far distant from
them.”
Para18“If this hath been the policy of conquerors, the appetite of
purchasers,56
and the study of governors, why doth your grace desire France before Scotland,
or covet a country far from your sight before a realm under your nose? Do you
not remember how the whole isle of Britain was one entire monarchy in the time
of your noble ancestor King Brute,57 first king and ruler of your famous
empire and glorious region? Which dividing his realm to his three sons gave to
Locrine his eldest son that part of Britain that your highness now enjoyeth;
and to Albanact his second son he gave the country of Albany, now called
Scotland; and to Camber his third son he gave the country of Cambria, now
called Wales; reserving always to him and his heirs homage, liege, and fealty
loyal for the same countries and dominions. By this division, the glory of the
monarchy of Britain was clearly defaced;58 by this separation the strength of the British kings was
sore diminished; by this dispersion intestine59 war began and civil rebellion sprang first
within this region. For while all was under one, no nation durst either once
invade or attempt war against the Britons; but when the land was once divided
and the monarchy undone, outward enmity or foreign hostility not half so much
infested, grieved, or troubled the valiant Britons as their own neighbours
descended of one parent, and come of one progeny.”
Para19“For the Albanacts, otherwise called the false fraudulent Scots,
and the Cambers, otherwise called the unstable Welshmen, did not alonely60 withdraw their fealty, deny their homage, and
refuse their allegiance due to the kings of this realm, but also made continual
war and destroyed their towns and slew the people of their neighbours and
Britons. For which cause, divers61 of your
noble progenitors have not only made war and subdued the Scots for the denying
of their homage and stirring of rebellion, but also have deposed their kings
and princes and erected and set up other in their estates and dignities. Scater
king of Scots, for his rebellion, was by Dunwallo Molmutius, your noble
predecessor, slain and extincted. King Arthur also, the glory of the Britons,
erected Angosile to the sceptre of Scotland and received of him homage and
fealty. If I should rehearse how many kings of Scotland have done homage to
your ancient predecessors, or rehearse how many Scottish kings they have
corrected and punished for their disobedience and denying of homage, or declare
what kings they, as superior lords and high emperors over the underkings of
Scotland, have elected and made rulers—to the intent that all people might
manifestly62 perceive that it was more
glorious, more honourable, and more famous to a king to make a king than to be a
king by natural descent—I assure you your ears would be more weary of hearing
than my tongue would be fatigate with open truth-telling.”
Para20“Your noble progenitor King Edward the First, coveting to be
superior and to surmount63 in honour, or at
the least to be equivalent in fame with his noble ancestors and famous
progenitors, daily studied and hourly compassed64 how to bring the whole isle of Britain, which by Brute was
divided into three parts, into one monarchy and one dominion. After long study
and great consultation had, he subdued Wales and tamed the wild people and
brought that unruly part to his old home and ancient degree, which thing done,
he likewise invaded Scotland and conquered the country to the town of Perth,
called Saint John’s town, standing on the river of Tay, which he walled,
ditched and fortified, ruling that part with English laws, English customs, and
by English judges, and was almost at a point thereof to have made a perfect
conquest and a complete monarchy. But O Lord, hasty death, which maketh an end
of all mortal creatures, suddenly bereft him of his life and took away his
spirit, and so all things which he had devised, which he had imagined and
seriously pretended,65 the small moment of
an hour turned upside down and suddenly subverted. Since whose death, your
great-grandfather, ye, and your noble father have attempted to bring that
renegade region into his ancient course and former line—as a thing both
necessary, convenient, and meet66—to be
joined and united to this realm, and so not only to revive the old empire and
famous monarchy, but also to unite and combine that virtue and strength, which
from the time of Brute was dispersed and severed, in one body, in one head, and
one corporation.67”
Para21“Wherefore, if to your high wisdom it seemeth not necessary—taking
this term necessary for needful—to conquer
the realm of Scotland, as a thing that needs must be done, yet will I not fly
from my first saying, but prove it necessary, as the logical paraphrasian68 and philosophical interpreters
do, by a distinction expound this term necessary to signify a
thing convenient: that the conquest in Scotland before the invading of France
is most expedient, for experience teacheth, and reason agreeth, that every
person intending a purposed enterprise or a determinate voyage should
not only provide and make preparation for all things
requisite and needful for his purpose or exploit, but also ought vigilantly to
foresee with lynx’s eyes,69 and prevent and study with the serpentine70 policy how to avoid and refel71 all things which might either be an impediment to his
progression and setting forward or occasion of his return and loss of his
enterprise, lest he, leaving behind him an evil neighbour, a continual
adversary, and a secret enemy, may as soon lese72 his own proper realm as conquer and gain the dominion of
another; wherefore the trite and common adage saith, ‘Leave not the
certain for the uncertain.’”
Para22
“Wherefore it is necessary that I enucleate73 and open to you certain articles contained
in the old league and amity between the realms of France and Scotland, whereof
the words be these:
”
The war or injury moved or done by the Englishmen to one of the said nations
to be as a common wrong to both.
If the Englishmen make war on the French nation, then the Scots,
at the costs and charges of the French king, shall minister to their
succours.74
Likewise, if the Scots be molested by the English wars, the
French nation, having their costs allowed, shall be to them aiders and
assisters.
And that none of both the nations shall either contract or make
peace with the realm of England without the consent and agreement of the
other.
Para23“And to the intent that this league and amity should be kept
unviolate, Robert le Bruce, the usurper of Scotland, willed by his testament
two things in especial to be observed: the one, never to break the treaty
concluded with France; the second, never to keep peace or promise with
Englishmen longer than the keeping thereof were to them either profitable or
necessary. Yet John Mayer and other Scottish writers colour this cause, saying
that he would have no peace concluded with England above three years. But
whatsoever writers write or talkers say, they75 be to him76 most
faithful executors and have never yet broken his testament, but daily keep his
precept and commandment.”
Para24“And for the performance of this will and keeping of this league,
none of your ancestors ever invaded France but incontinent77 the Scots troubled and vexed England.
None of your progenitors ever passed the sea in just quarrel against the French
nation but the Scottish people in their absence entered your realm, spoiled
your houses, slew your people and took great preys innumerable, only to provoke
your ancestors for to return from the invading of France. If I should declare
to you their common breaking of leagues, their crafty and subtle
dissimulation,78 their false fair
promises often sworn and never kept, I doubt not but you would ten times more
abhor their doing than I would be ashamed of the telling. Therefore I say
still, and affirm it necessary and convenient to forsee that you leave no
enemies behind at your back when you go to conquer adversaries before your
face.”
Para25“Beside this, if you consider the daily charges, the inconstant
chances that may happen, I think, yea, and little doubt but Scotland shall be
tamed before France shall be framed.79 For if you will invade France, account what number of
ships must transport your army, reckon what charge of anchors, what a multitude
of cables, and what innumerable things appertain to a navy. When you be there,
if your men decay by sickness or by sword, if victual80 fail, or if money wax scant,81 if the wind turn contrary or an hideous tempest arise,
you shall be destitute of aid, provision and treasure, which in a strange
region are the confusion and defacing82
of an army. On the other side, if you invade Scotland, your men be at hand,
your victual is near, your aid is ever at your back, so that in that voyage you
shall have abundance in all things, and of nothing you shall have want. See
what an occasion fortune hath offered unto you: is not their king your captive
and prisoner? Is not the realm in great division for the cruelty of the Duke of
Albany, rather desiring to have a foreign governor than a natural tyrant?
Wherefore my counsel is first to invade Scotland, and by God’s grace to conquer
and join that region to your empire, and to restore the renowned monarchy of
Britain to her old estate and preeminence; and so beautified with realms, and
furnished with people, to enter into France for the recovering of your
righteous title and true inheritance, in observing the old ancient proverb used
by our forefathers, which sayeth, ‘He that will France win must with
Scotland first begin.’”
Para26“No!” quoth the Duke of Exeter, uncle to the
king (which was well learned, and sent into Italy by his father, intending to have
been a priest). “He that will Scotland win, let him with France first begin.
For if you call to remembrance the common saying of the wise and expert
physicians, which both write and teach that if you will heal a malady you must
first remove the cause; if you will cure a lore, you must first take away the
humour that feedeth the place; if you will destroy a plant, pluck away his sap
which is his nourishing and life. Then if France be the nourisher or Scotland,
if the French pensions be the sustainers of the Scottish nobility, if the
education of Scots in France be the cause of practice and policy in Scotland,
then pluck away France, and the courage of the nobles of Scotland shall be soon
daunted and appalled. Take away France, and the hearts of the common people
will soon decay and wax faint. Pluck away France, and never look that Scotland
will resist or withstand your power. For when the head is gone, the body soon
falleth, and when the sap faileth the tree soon withereth.”
Para27“Let men read the chronicles and peruse our English chronographers,
and you shall soon find that the Scots have seldom of their own notion invaded
or vexed England, but only for the observing of the league in the which they be
bound to France: For the Scots are the shaft and dart of the Frenchmen to shoot
and cast at their pleasure against the English nation. And where they have
invaded, as I cannot deny but they have done, what glory or what profit
succeeded of their enterprise I report me to their peculiar histories. King
Malcolm invaded England when king William the Second was making war in
Normandy. David le Bruce also entered England, your great-grandfather King
Edward the Third lying at the siege of Calais. Was not Malcolm slain beside
Tynemouth and King David taken beside Durham? Let the governors of Scotland
(for the king is sure enough) enter into England on that price and see what he
shall gain thereby. What notable act were Scots ever able to do out of their
own country and proper climate? Or when were they able to convey an army over
the sea at their own costs and expenses? Read their own histories and you shall
find few or none.”
Para28“Their nature and condition is to tarry83 at home in idleness, ready to defend their country like
brute beasts, thinking their rustical84 fashion to be high honesty and their beggarly living to be
a welfare.85 Beside this, what
ancient writer or authentic historiographer either writ of them honour, or once
nameth them?—except Saint Jerome, which sayeth that when he was young, he saw
in France certain Scots of the isle of Britain eat the flesh of men, and when
they came into the woods finding there great herds of beasts and flocks of
sheep, left the beasts and cut of the buttocks of the herdmen and the paps and
breasts of the shepherds’ women, esteeming this meat to be the greatest
dainties. And Sabellicus sayeth that Scots much delight and rejoice in
lying.”
Para29“You may now apparently perceive what puissance86 Scotland is of itself, little able to
defend and less able to invade like a noun adjective that cannot stand without
a substantive. If France be taken from them, of whom shall they seek aide?
Denmark will them refuse because the king is your brother-in-law. Portugal and
Castile will not them regard, both the kings being your cousins germane and
aunts’ sons. Italy is too far; Germany and Hungary be with you in league. So
that of necessity they, in conclusion, destitute of all aid, deprived of all
succour, berefted of all friendship (if France be conquered) must without war or
dint87 of sword come under your subjection
and due obeisance.88”
Para30“And yet I would not in this your conquest France should be so much
minded that Scotland should be forgotten, nor that your entire power should be
sent into France and no defence left against the invasions of Scotland. For of
that might ensue this mischief: that if your whole power were vanquished in
France, the Scots, being elated by the victory of their friends, might do more
displeasure to your realm in one year than you should recover again in five.
But sith God hath sent you people, riches, munitions of war, and all things
necessary either to invade both or to defend the one and penetrate the other,
pass the sea yourself with an army royal, and leave my lord of Westmorland and
other grave captains of the North with a convenient number to defend the
Marches, if the subtle Scots, encouraged by the Frenchmen will any thing
attempt during your voyage and absence.”
Para31“And this is to be remembered: if you get Scotland, you have a
country barren almost of all pleasure and goodness; you gain people savage,
wavering, and inconstant; of riches you shall have little
and of poverty much. But if you get France, you shall have a country fertile,
pleasant, and plentiful; you shall have people civil, witty, and of good order.
You shall have rich cities, beautiful towns, innumerable castles, twenty-four
puissant duchies, eighty and odd populous countries, and an hundred and three
famous bishoprics, a thousand and more fat monasteries, and parish churches (as
the French writers affirm) ninety thousand and moe.89 This conquest is honourable, this gain is profitable, this
journey is pleasant, and therefore neither to be left nor forslowed. Victual
you shall have sufficient from Flanders; aid of men you may have daily out of
England, or else to leave a competent crew in the marches90 of Calais to refresh your army and to furnish still
your number. Although the cost in transporting your men be great, yet your gain
shall be greater, and therefore according to the trite adage, ‘He must
liberally spend that will plentifully gain.’”
Para32“And because my lord of Westmorland hath alleged that the Romans
desired the dominion of such as were under flight of their own eagle,91 or whose possessions were a
mote to their eye, as the Numidians and other which he hath wisely rehearsed,
behold the conditions of the counsellors and the desire of the movers: what
persons were they which coveted their poor neighbours rather than rich foreigns?
Men effeminate, more meet for a carpet than a camp,92 men of a weak stomach desiring rather
to walk in a pleasant garden than pass the seas in a tempestuous storm. What
should I say? Men that would have somewhat and yet take little pain, men that
coveted things nothing93 honourable nor
yet greatly profitable. But I remember that the noble Cato the Censor, which,
when it was alleged in the senate at Rome that Afric was far off, and the sea
broad, and the journey perilous, caused certain new figs to be brought into the
senate, which grew in the territory of Carthage, and demanded of the senators
how they liked the figs? Some said they were new,94 some said they were sweet, and some said they were pleasant.
‘Oh’, quoth Cato, ‘If they be new gathered, then is not
the region far off where they grew—scant three days’ sailing—and if it
be of no longer distance, then so near to us be our enemies. If the figs be
sweet, then is the soil delicious and fertile. If the figs be pleasant, then
is the country profitable. If you gain the Sicilians, you shall be rich men
in corn. If you get the Samnites you shall have plenty of oil. If you
vanquish the Numidians, you shall have copy95 of beasts. But subdue Carthage and conquer Afric,
you shall have not only corn, oil, and beasts, but gold, purple, precious
stones, elephants, and all things both necessary and pleasant. Therefore my
counsel is rather to seek riches being far distant than poverty lying at
hand, for pain is forgotten ever where gain foloweth.’ This noble
saying of sage Cato so encouraged and inflamed the haut96 hearts and lusty courages of the manly Romans that
they never desisted to persecute the people of Afric till Carthage was utterly
destroyed and the whole country subdued and brought under the Roman
empire.”
Para33“Julius Caesar also desired rather to conquer the Britons, divided
from the continent, yea, and inhabiting almost in the end of the world, rather
than to gain the Pannonians adjoining to Italy, saying ‘Break the
stronger and the weaker will bow; subdue the rich and the poor will yield;
be lord of the lords and the vassals must needs be subject.’ Vanquish
the Frenchmen and the Scots be tamed. This counsel of Cato, and this saying of
Caesar maketh me both to speak and think that if you get France, ye get two,
and if you get Scotland you get but one.”
Para34When the duke had said and sat down, his opinion was much noted and well
digested with the king, but in especial with his three brethren and divers other
lords, being young and lusty, desirous to win honour and profit in the realm of
France, ensuing97 the courageous
acts of their noble progenitors, which gat98
in that region both honour and renown. So that now all men cried “War, war!
France, France!” and the bill put into the parliament for dissolving of
religious houses was clearly forgotten and buried, and nothing thought on but only
the recovering of France, according to the title by the archbishop declared and
set forth […]
Tennis Balls? (fol. 41v)
Para35Here I overpass how some writers say that the dauphin, thinking King
Henry to be given still to such plays and light follies as he exercised and used
before the time that he was exalted to the crown, sent to him a tun of tennis
balls to play with, as who said that he could better skill of tennis than of war,
and was more expert in light games than martial policy. Whether he were moved with
this unwise present, or, espying that the Frenchmen dallied and vainly delayed his
purpose and demand, was moved and pricked forward, I cannot judge, but sure it is
that after the return of his ambassadors, he being of a haut99 courage and bold stomach, living now in the pleasantest
time of his age, much desiring to enlarge and dilate100 his empire and dominion, determined fully to make war in
France, conceiving a good trust and a perfect hope in this point which he had
before experimented, which is that victory for the most part foloweth where right
leadeth, advanced forward by justice and set forth by equity.
Before the Battle of Agincourt (fol. 47–49v)
Para36The King of England, informed by his espials101 that the day of battle was nearer than
he looked for, dislodged from Bonnières and rode in good array through the fair
plain beside the town of Blangy, where, to the intent that his army should not be
included in a strait102 or driven to a
corner, he chose a place meet and convenient for two armies to deraign battle103 between the towns of Blangy
and Agincourt, where he pight104 his field.
Para37The Constable of France, the Marshall, the Admiral, the Lord Rambures
Master of the Crossbows, and divers lords and knights pitched their banners near
to the banner royal of the Constable in the county of Saint Paul within the
territory of Agincourt, by the which way the Englishmen must needs pass toward
Calais. The Frenchmen made great fires about their banners, and they were in
number had forty thousand horsemen, as their own historians and writers affirm,
beside footmen, pages,105
and wagoners, and all that night made great cheer and were very merry. The
Englishmen that night sounded their trumpets and divers instruments musical with
great melody, and yet they were both hungry, weary, sore travailed,106 and much vexed with cold diseases;107 howbeit108 they made peace with God in confessing their sins,
requiring him of help and receiving the holy sacrament, every man encouraging and
determining clearly rather to die than either to yield or fly.109
Para38Now approached the fortunate fair day to the Englishmen and the
infest110 and unlucky day to the French
nobility, which was the five-and-twenty day of October in the year of our Lord
Jesu Christ a thousand four hundred and fifteen, being then Friday and the day of
Crispin and Crispinian. On the which day in the morning, the Frenchmen made three
battles111 […] When
these battles were thus ordered, it was a glorious sight to behold them, and
surely they were esteemed to be in number six times as many or more than was the
whole company of the Englishmen, with wagoners, pages, and all. Thus the Frenchmen
were, every man under his banner, only waiting for the bloody blast of the
terrible trumpet, and in this order they continued resting themselves and
reconciling every one to other for all old rancors and hatreds which had been
between them, till the hour between nine and ten of the day. During which season,
the Constable of France said openly to the captains in effect as foloweth:
“Friends and companions in arms, I cannot but both rejoice and lament the
chances and fortunes of these two armies which I openly see and behold with
mine eyes here present. I rejoice for the victory which I see at hand for our
part, and I lament and sorrow for the misery and calamity which I perceive to
approach to the other side. For we cannot but be victors and triumphant
conquerors, for who saw ever so flourishing an army within any Christian
region, or such a multitude of valiant persons in one company? Is not here the
flower of the French nation on barded112
horses with sharp spears and deadly weapons? Are not here the bold Bretons with
fiery handguns and sharp swords? See you not present the practiced Picards with
strong and weighty crossbows? Beside these, we have the fierce Brabanters and
strong Almaines with long pikes and cutting slaughmesses.113”
Para39“And on the other side is a small handful of poor Englishmen which
are entered into this region in hope of some gain or desire of profit, which by
reason that their victual is consumed and spent, are by daily famine sore
weakened, consumed, and almost without spirits; for their force is clearly
abated114 and their strength utterly
decayed, so that ere the battles shall join they shall be for very feebleness
vanquished and overcome, and instead of men ye shall fight with shadows. For
you must understand that, keep an Englishman one month from his warm bed, fat
beef, and stale drink, and let him that season taste cold and suffer hunger,
you then shall see his courage abated, his body wax lean and bare, and ever
desirous to return into his own country. Experience now declareth this to be
true, for if famine had not pinched them or cold weather had not nipped them,
surely they would have made their progress farther into France and not by so
many perilous passages retired toward Calais. Such courage is in Englishmen
when fair weather and victual follow them, and such weakness they have when
famine and cold vex and trouble them. Therefore now it is no mastery to
vanquish and overthrow them, being both weary and weak, for by reason of
feebleness and faintness their weapons shall fall out of their hands when they
proffer to strike, so that ye may no easilier kill a poor sheep than destroy
them, being already sick and hunger-starven.”
Para40“But imagine that they were lusty, strong and courageous, and then
ponder wisely the cause of their coming hither and the meaning of their
enterprise: first, their king, a young stripling more meet for a tennis play
than a warlike camp, claimeth the crown, sceptre, and sovereignty of the very
substance of the French nation by battle; then he and his intend to occupy this
country, inhabit this land, destroy our wives and children, extinguish our
blood, and put our names in the black book of oblivion. Wherefore remember
well: in what quarrel can you better fight than for the tuition115 of your natural116 country, the honour of your prince, the surety of your
children, and the safeguard of your land and lives? If these causes do not
encourage you to fight, behold before your eyes the tents of your enemies, with
treasure, plate, and jewels well stuffed and richly furnished, which prey is
surely yours if every man strike but one stroke, beside the great ransoms which
shall be paid for rich captains and wealthy prisoners, which as surely shall be
yours as you now had them in your possession.”
Para41“Yet this thing I charge you withal: that in no wise the king
himself be killed, but by force or otherwise to be apprehended and taken, to
the intent that with glory and triumph we may convey him openly through the
noble city of Paris to our king and dauphin as a testimony of our victory and
witness of our noble act. And of this thing you be sure: that fly they cannot,
and to yield to our fight of necessity they shall be compelled. Therefore, good
fellows, take courage to you! The victory is yours, the gain is yours, and the
honour is yours, without great lobar or much loss.”
Para42King Henry also, like a leader and not like one led, like a
sovereign and not like a soldier, ordered his men for his most advantage like an
expert captain and a courageous warrior […] When he had ordered thus his
battles, he left a small company to keep his camp and baggage, and then calling
his captains and soldiers about him, he made to them an hearty oration in effect
as foloweth, saying: “Well-beloved friends and countrymen, I exhort you
heartily to think and conceive in yourselves that this day shall be to us all a
day of joy, a day of good luck and a day of victory. For truly if you well note
and wisely consider all things, almighty God, under whose protection we be come
hither, hath appointed a place so meet and apt for our purpose as we ourselves
could neither have devised nor wished, which as it is apt and convenient for
our small number and little army, so is it unprofitable and unmeet for a great
multitude to fight or give battle in, and in especial for such men in whom is
neither constant faith nor security of promise, which persons be of God neither
favoured nor regarded, nor he is not accustomed to aid and succour117 such people which by force and strength
contrary to right and reason detain and keep from other their just patrimony
and lawful inheritance, with which blot and spot the French nation is
apparently defiled and distained; so that God of his justice will scourge and
afflict them for their manifest injuries and open wrongs to us and our realm
daily committed and done.”
Para43“Therefore putting your only trust in him, let not their multitude
fear118 your hearts, nor their great
number abate your courages; for surely old warlike fathers have both said and
written that the more people that an army is, the less knowledge the multitude
hath of material feats or politic practices, which rude rustical and ignorant
persons shall be in the field unto hardy captains and lusty men of war a great
let119 and sore impediment. And though
they all were of like policy, like audacity, and of one uniform experience in
martial affairs, yet we ought neither to fear them nor once to shrink for them,
considering that we come in the right, which ever of God is favoured, set forth,
and advanced: in which good and just quarrel all good persons shall rather set
both their feet forward than once to turn their one heel backward.”
Para44“For if you adventure your lives in so just a battle and so good a
cause, which way soever Fortune turn her wheel, you shall be sure of fame,
glory, and renown. If you be victors and overcome your enemies, your strength
and virtue shall be spread and dispersed through the whole world. If you,
overpressed with so great a multitude, shall happen to be slain or taken, yet
neither reproach can be to you ascribed either yet infamy of you reported,
considering that Hercules alone120 was not
equivalent unto two men, nor a small handful is not equal to a great number,
for victory is the gift of God and consisteth not in the puissance of men.
Wherefore manfully set on your enemies at their first encounter; strike with a
hardy courage on the false-hearted Frenchmen, whom your noble ancestors have so
often overcome and vanquished. For surely they be not so strong to give the
onset upon you, but they be much weaker to abide your strength in a long fight
and tired battle.”
Para45“As for me, I assure you all that England for my person shall never
pay ransom, nor never Frenchman shall triumph over me as his captain, for this
day by famous death or glorious victory I will win honour and obtain fame.
Therefore now joyously prepare yourselves to the battle and courageously fight
with your enemies, for at this very time all the realm of England prayeth for
our good luck and prosperous success.”
Para46While the king was thus speaking, each army so maligned and grudged at
the other, being in open fight and evident apparence, that every man cried
“Forth, forth! Forward, forward!” The dukes of Clarence,
Gloucester, and York were of the same opinion, thinking it most convenient to
march toward their enemies with all speed and celerity, least in prolonging of
time and arguing of opinions, the French army might more and more increase and
hourly multiply. Howbeit the king tarried awhile lest any jeopardy were not
foreseen or any hazard not prevented.
Para47The Frenchmen, in the mean season, little or nothing regarding the small
number of the English nation, were of such haut courage and proud stomachs that
they took no thought for the battle, as who say they were victors and overcomers
before any stroke was stricken,121 and laughed
at the Englishmen, and for very pride thought themselves lifted into heaven,
jesting and boasting that they had the Englishmen enclosed in a strait, and had
overcome and taken them without any resistance. The captains determined how to
divide the spoil; the soldiers played the Englishmen at dice; the noblemen devised
a chariot, how they might triumphantly convey King Henry, being captive, to the
city of Paris, crying to their soldiers, “Haste yourselves to obtain spoil,
glory, and honour, to the intent that we may study how to give you thanks for
the great gifts and rewards which we hope to receive of your great
liberality!” The foolish folly of this vain solace122 brake123 out so far that
messengers were sent to the cities and towns adjoining willing them to make open
plays and triumphs (as though that the victory were to them certain and no
resistance could appear), and also to give God thanks for their prosperous act and
notable deed, not remembering that the whirlwind shortly with a puff blew away all
their foolish joy and fantastical bragging.
Notes
1.Mythical
bird that rose from its own ashes in a new form.↑
2.Burdensome.↑
3.Raised.↑
4.Praise.↑
5.Flatterers, hangers-on.↑
6.Wealth.↑
7.Humble greeting.↑
9.Reverent.↑
10.Murmurer.↑
11.High, noble.↑
12.Recreation.↑
13.Symbol.↑
14.Belong to.↑
15.Undoubtable.↑
16.Derived.↑
17.Rights, powers.↑
18.Recount.↑
19.Subject matter.↑
20.Grow.↑
21.Scarce.↑
22.Ancestor.↑
23.Interpreted.↑
24.Fallaciously.↑
25.Inherit lands and titles.↑
26.Legendary king of ancient
France.↑
27.Corrupts.↑
28.Military force.↑
29.Universal.↑
30.Historians.↑
31.Inheritance.↑
32.Gamesters.↑
33.Game.↑
34.Unbreakable, inviolable.↑
35.Perspective glass,
distorting their sight.↑
36.Prohibit.↑
37.Defeat.↑
38.Numbers.↑
39.Pagan.↑
40.That
differ.↑
41.Hateful.↑
42.Foul-smelling.↑
43.Only by me.↑
44.The law of Moses, represented by the
above-cited passage from Numbers.↑
45.French.↑
46.Clergy.↑
47.Meeting.↑
48.Courage, heartiness.↑
49.Borderlands.↑
50.Learnedly, like a
cleric.↑
51.Correction.↑
52.Scholars.↑
53.Moistens.↑
54.Governance.↑
55.Close by.↑
56.Acquirers of lands not inherited.↑
57.Legendary descendant of
Aeneas who settled Britain.↑
58.Diminished,
ruined.↑
59.Internecine, civil war.↑
60.Only.↑
61.Many.↑
62.Clearly.↑
63.Exceed.↑
64.Planned,
contrived.↑
65.Intended.↑
66.Fitting.↑
67.United body.↑
68.Given to paraphrase.↑
69.The eyes of a sharp-sighted
cat.↑
70.Subtle.↑
71.Drive
back.↑
72.Lose.↑
73.Extract the kernel from.↑
74.Aid.↑
75.The
Scots.↑
76.Robert the Bruce.↑
77.Immediately.↑
78.Deceit.↑
79.Encompassed,
conquered.↑
80.Food, provisions.↑
81.Grow scarce.↑
82.Destruction.↑
83.Loiter.↑
84.Simple,
unlearned.↑
85.State of well-being.↑
86.Strength.↑
87.Blow.↑
88.Submission.↑
89.More.↑
90.Disputed region.↑
91.Under their standard.↑
93.Not at all.↑
94.Fresh.↑
95.Plenty, a
copious amount.↑
96.High, haughty.↑
97.Pursuing, emulating.↑
98.Achieved.↑
99.High, noble.↑
100.Expand.↑
101.Spies, scouts.↑
102.Tight place.↑
103.Try their cause in battle.↑
104.Pitched.↑
105.Noble boys serving knights.↑
106.Troubled.↑
107.Diseases caused by cold.↑
108.Nevertheless.↑
109.Flee.↑
110.Hostile.↑
111.Armies, division.↑
112.Armoured↑
113.Large knives.↑
114.Diminished.↑
115.Safe-keeping.↑
116.Native.↑
117.Support.↑
118.Frighten.↑
119.Hinderance.↑
120.Himself.↑
121.Struck.↑
122.Entertainment↑
123.Broke.↑
Prosopography
Challen Wright
Chris Horne
Donald Bailey
Eric Rasmussen
Eric Rasmussen is Regents Teaching Professor and Foundation Professor of English at
the University of Nevada. He is co-editor with Sir Jonathan Bate of the RSC William Shakespeare Complete Works and general editor, with Paul Werstine, of the New Variorum Shakespeare. He has received the Falstaff Award from PlayShakespeare.com for Best Shakespearean Book of the Year in 2007, 2012, and 2013.
James D. Mardock
James Mardock is Associate Professor of English at the University of Nevada, Associate
General Editor for the Internet Shakespeare Editions, and a dramaturge for the Lake
Tahoe Shakespeare Festival and Reno Little Theater. In addition to editing quarto
and folio Henry V for the ISE, he has published essays on Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, and other Renaissance
literature in The Seventeenth Century, Ben Jonson Journal, Borrowers and Lenders, and contributed to the collections Representing the Plague in Early Modern England (Routledge 2010) and Shakespeare Beyond Doubt (Cambridge 2013). His book Our Scene is London (Routledge 2008) examines Jonsonʼs representation of urban space as an element in
his strategy of self-definition. With Kathryn McPherson, he edited Stages of Engagement (Duquesne 2013), a collection of essays on drama in post-Reformation England, and
he is currently at work on a monograph on Calvinism and metatheatrical awareness in
early modern English drama.
Janelle Jenstad
Janelle Jenstad is a Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director
of The Map of Early Modern London, and Director of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media: Old Words, New Tools (Routledge). She has edited John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Elizabethan Theatre, Early Modern Literary Studies, Shakespeare Bulletin, Renaissance and Reformation, and The Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies. She contributed chapters to Approaches to Teaching Othello (MLA); Teaching Early Modern Literature from the Archives (MLA); Institutional Culture in Early Modern England (Brill); Shakespeare, Language, and the Stage (Arden); Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate); New Directions in the Geohumanities (Routledge); Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter); Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana); Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota); Rethinking Shakespeare Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge); and Civic Performance: Pageantry and Entertainments in Early Modern London (Routledge). For more details, see janellejenstad.com.
Jodi Litvin
Joey Takeda
Joey Takeda is LEMDO’s Consulting Programmer and Designer, a role he assumed in 2020
after three years as the Lead Developer on LEMDO.
Martin Holmes
Martin Holmes has worked as a developer in the UVicʼs Humanities Computing and Media
Centre for over two decades, and has been involved with dozens of Digital Humanities
projects. He has served on the TEI Technical Council and as Managing Editor of the
Journal of the TEI. He took over from Joey Takeda as lead developer on LEMDO in 2020.
He is a collaborator on the SSHRC Partnership Grant led by Janelle Jenstad.
Michael Best
Michael Best is Professor Emeritus at the University of Victoria, BC. He is the Founding
Editor of the Internet Shakespeare Editions, of which he was the Coordinating Editor
until 2017. In print, he has published editions of works of Elizabethan magic and
huswifery, a collection of letters from the Australian goldfields, and Shakespeare on the Art of Love (2008). He contributed regular columns for the Shakespeare Newsletter on
Electronic Shakespeares,and has written many articles and chapters for both print and online books and journals, principally on questions raised by the new medium in the editing and publication of texts. He has delivered papers and plenary lectures on electronic media and the Internet Shakespeare Editions at conferences in Canada, the USA, the UK, Spain, Australia, and Japan.
Navarra Houldin
Project manager 2022–present. Textual remediator 2021–present. Navarra Houldin (they/them)
completed their BA in History and Spanish at the University of Victoria in 2022. During
their degree, they worked as a teaching assistant with the University of Victoriaʼs
Department of Hispanic and Italian Studies. Their primary research was on gender and
sexuality in early modern Europe and Latin America.
Nicole Vatcher
Technical Documentation Writer, 2020–2022. Nicole Vatcher completed her BA (Hons.)
in English at the University of Victoria in 2021. Her primary research focus was womenʼs
writing in the modernist period.
Tracey El Hajj
Junior Programmer 2019–2020. Research Associate 2020–2021. Tracey received her PhD
from the Department of English at the University of Victoria in the field of Science
and Technology Studies. Her research focuses on the algorhythmics of networked communications. She was a 2019–2020 President’s Fellow in Research-Enriched
Teaching at UVic, where she taught an advanced course on
Artificial Intelligence and Everyday Life.Tracey was also a member of the Map of Early Modern London team, between 2018 and 2021. Between 2020 and 2021, she was a fellow in residence at the Praxis Studio for Comparative Media Studies, where she investigated the relationships between artificial intelligence, creativity, health, and justice. As of July 2021, Tracey has moved into the alt-ac world for a term position, while also teaching in the English Department at the University of Victoria.
William Shakespeare
Bibliography
Hall, Edward. The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of
Lancastre and Yorke.
London, 1548. STC
12721. ESTC S121062.
Orgography
Internet Shakespeare Editions (ISE1)
The Internet Shakespeare Editions (ISE) was a major digital humanities project created
by Emeritus Professor Michael Best at the University of Victoria. The ISE server was retired in 2018 but a final staticized HTML version of the Internet Shakespeare Editions project is still hosted at UVic.
LEMDO Team (LEMD1)
The LEMDO Team is based at the University of Victoria and normally comprises the project
director, the lead developer, project manager, junior developers(s), remediators,
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University of Victoria (UVIC1)
https://www.uvic.ca/Metadata
| Authority title | Hall’s Chronicle |
| Type of text | Primary Source |
| Publisher | University of Victoria on the Linked Early Modern Drama Online Platform |
| Series | |
| Source |
This document was written by James D. Mardock and originally published digitally by
the Internet Shakespeare Editions. It has been converted from IML (the SGML markup
language of the Internet Shakespeare Editions platform) into LEMDOʼs customization
of TEI-XML and copyedited by Janelle Jenstad and the LEMDO team for republication
in the New Internet Shakespeare Editions anthology.
Born digital.
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| Encoding description | Encoded in TEI P5 according to the LEMDO Customization and Encoding Guidelines. |
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Intellectual copyright in this edition is held by the editor, James Mardock. The critical paratexts are licensed under a CC BY-NC_ND 4.0 license, which means that they are freely downloadable without permission under the following
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